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押注美國經濟衰退的悲觀人士在2024年加倍下注

他們一致預測經濟增長率將維持在1.2%,經濟陷入衰退的可能性為50%。

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美國經濟在2023年顯示出基本面優勢。圖片來源:MICHAEL NAGLE—BLOOMBERG/GETTY IMAGES

對于塑造公眾對美國經濟看法的悲觀主義者來說,2023年的經濟走勢并不友好。盡管人們一致預測經濟衰退“不可避免”,但美國經濟的韌性使得經濟增長預測在臨近年底時被不斷上調,上調幅度達到了驚人的2個百分點。同樣,他們的看法也極其悲觀,一致認為美國經濟衰退的可能性在今年的大部分時間都保持在65%的水平,但隨著勞動力市場不斷升溫,美國經濟從未接近于衰退。

如今,值得注意的是,那些押注美國經濟衰退的悲觀人士在2024年加倍下注。他們一致預測經濟增長率將維持在1.2%(經濟低迷,低于一年前的水平),經濟陷入衰退的可能性為50%。

這是無可救藥的悲觀主義嗎?或者說,2023年的超預期表現并非基于基本面優勢,而是拉動需求帶來的僥幸事件——衰退推遲了,而不是避免了——這種觀點是否有道理?

我們認為悲觀情緒過甚,有理由堅持一年多來所持的更為樂觀的立場。是的,明年的經濟增長將是溫和的,而且伴隨著脆弱性和風險。但否認2023年的基本面優勢能夠持續下去,并無視通脹的大幅放緩(通脹本身曾一度被視為結構性失控問題),在我們看來是一種頑固的悲觀主義。悲觀的經濟預測符合經濟學的傳統,但我們應該提醒自己,每一次真正的危機背后,都有許多虛假警報。

對“軟著陸”的反常否認

盡管經濟強勁,但人們仍然不愿承認美國經濟會實現軟著陸。今年早些時候,有人斷然否定了通脹率會下降、勞動力市場會在美聯儲一系列激進加息措施的影響下得到緩解的觀點。拉里·薩默斯等持懷疑態度的人說,失業率保持在6%的情況下需要5年時間才能降低通脹,因此美國經濟實現軟著陸與理論和經驗“相悖”。

事實上,美國經濟實現軟著陸已有一年半的時間了。通脹率下降了6個百分點,由于雇主填補職位空缺和刪除招聘信息,導致職位空缺減少了330萬,勞動力市場明顯降溫。從歷史上看,職位空缺的大幅減少意味著失業率的大幅上升,這也是那些預測經濟衰退的人的主要論據。然而,失業率一直保持在幾十年來的低點附近。

這并不意味著軟著陸會持續下去——但它實際上是可以持續下去的。悲觀主義者喜歡把矛頭指向利率水平,認為高利率帶來的影響正在顯現,通脹將被證明是頑固的。這都是有可能的——但我們應該認識到,2023年面臨的挑戰比2024年預期面臨的挑戰更為嚴峻。整個2023年,通脹率要高得多,政策利率持續大幅走高。相比之下,2024年的通脹率可能會接近2%的政策目標,并最終實現降息。

這看起來更像是軟著陸的第三階段,而不是揮之不去的軟著陸是否會到來的問題。將軟著陸定義為經濟的永久擴張是在轉移目標。當然,總會有“下一次衰退”。但事實仍然是,美國經濟已經度過了軟著陸的第一階段(利率快速上升),并有望度過第二階段(利率受到限制期)。第三階段的成功意味著,利率正常化,趨向中性水平,從而實現經濟持續增長。這遠非不可能。

韌性“耗盡”?

面對消費者今年表現出的非凡韌性,許多末日論者將其歸因于疫情期間積累的過剩儲蓄,而這些儲蓄將不可避免地耗盡。按照這種說法,占美國國內生產總值約70%的消費者支出將在2023年逼近懸崖邊緣。但消費者支出下降從未出現過,悲觀主義者已經悄然將“懸崖邊緣”移到了2024年。

但是,將韌性視為一種可耗盡的儲備存在嚴重缺陷。它還與再生流動有關。家庭儲蓄并不像一個塞滿現金的鞋盒,會被花光。就此而言,(總)儲蓄率必須為負值。如今,盡管儲蓄率可能很低,但它仍是正值,達到了3.8%。

儲蓄率低有充分的理由:家庭財富接近歷史最高水平。財富越多,家庭儲蓄越少(反之亦然)。相對于異常強勁的財富水平,如今的儲蓄率并不罕見。當然,總量數據掩蓋了個人超額儲蓄的分布情況,因此,我們有理由認為儲蓄的逐漸消失會導致經濟增長放緩,但將其視為突然中止則不太合理。

因此,風險并不在于消費者會因為動用儲蓄而集體耗盡資金。相反,風險在于他們開始增加儲蓄,從而減少支出。然而,我們發現很難相信,家庭自主緊縮有一個具體的時間表,而且緊縮強度大到導致2024年出現經濟衰退。請牢記勞動力市場的強勁勢頭:就業人數仍在增長,總薪酬也在增長。

至關重要的是,2024年還將出現越來越多的韌性來源。目前,通貨膨脹率低于工資增長,從而帶來了實際工資增長(勞動力市場緊縮也往往使勞動力市場中的低收入階層受益最大)。這種影響可能會超過釋放過剩儲蓄帶來的阻力。是的,存量很重要,但資金流也很重要。2023年伊始,實際工資在下降(通脹高于工資增長),但超常水平的招聘抵消了這一影響(新發工資)。到2024年,招聘將更加溫和,但實際工資增長將更加重要。

軟著陸的硬傷

盡管經濟具有韌性,但軟著陸也有硬傷。經濟的許多領域都受到了傷害。這并不一定是矛盾的:總體和組成部分并不一定是亦步亦趨的。事實上,近年來各組成部分之間的差異比有史以來任何一次經濟擴張都要大。

實物商品的消費大幅放緩(盡管是與后疫情時期的超高峰值相比)。與此同時,約為商品消費規模兩倍的服務業仍在增長,以恢復到疫情前的趨勢。這種多元化推動了整體的韌性——即使這與許多經濟領域的痛苦并存。

軟著陸也帶來了更多的硬傷。通脹率(綜合指標)下降的另一面意味著經濟主體企業的定價能力減弱。通脹并不是結構性的制度轉變,而是需求(過多)和供給(過少)的明顯錯配。所有企業都可以在不失去市場份額的情況下提高價格。但隨著供需正常化,定價能力逐漸減弱,這是因為企業重新開始保護和爭奪市場份額。這也會影響到利潤率和利潤。利潤曾以兩位數強勁增長,因此利潤負增長也會(即使利潤水平處于歷史高位)讓人感覺是一種挫敗。

雖然這些硬傷在很大程度上已被消化,但其他一些硬傷卻更加頑固:較高的利率推高了家庭和企業的借貸成本,可能會繼續保持相對較高的水平。即使即將降息,2024年的利率也將遠遠高于疫情前的水平。事實上,除非出現經濟衰退,否則利率仍將遠高于近期的(人們認為的)“中性”水平(約2.5%)。

這將繼續給一些家庭(想想抵押貸款利率超過7%)和企業帶來痛苦,企業的破產率正在上升。但我們不能草率地根據這些不利因素進行推斷。請記住,加息的目的是減緩經濟增長。經濟活動減少才是關鍵。即使破產率上升也是一種預期結果:借貸成本提高將促使資源(包括勞動力)得到更好的配置。雖然美國的破產案例有所增加,但這仍是歷史最低水平,遠未達到目前的困境水平。

下一次衰退總是在路上

悲觀主義者有一點是對的:經濟會再次陷入衰退。在足夠長的時間內,這一預測終將實現。然而,2024年是否會出現衰退還遠不確定,而且在我們看來,衰退的可能性比持續增長的可能性要小。

此外,考慮衰退的可能性不如考慮衰退的類型更有助益。衰退有三種類型。首先是所謂的“政策失誤”,即央行加息速度過快,幅度過大,導致經濟崩盤。盡管這種風險依然存在,但最糟糕的時期顯然已經過去。其次,當銀行體系陷入危機,信貸停止流向經濟時,就會出現金融衰退。今年春天硅谷銀行(Silicon Valley Bank)的倒閉有力地提醒了我們,金融體系蘊藏著無數不透明的風險,但這也提醒我們,強有力的政策能夠取得什么樣的效果。

這就剩下了第三種類型的衰退——沖擊或實體投資泡沫破裂導致周期結束。由于經濟增長緩慢,2024年當然不能排除這種可能性,但沒有理由將其作為基本情況。在2024年,我們將更看好經濟發展前景。(財富中文網)

菲利普·卡爾松-斯萊扎克(Philipp Carlsson-Szlezak)是波士頓咨詢公司(BCG)紐約辦事處的董事總經理兼合伙人,也是該公司的全球首席經濟學家。保羅·斯沃茨(Paul Swartz)是位于紐約的波士頓咨詢公司亨德森研究所(BCG Henderson Institute)的董事兼高級經濟學家。

譯者:中慧言-王芳

對于塑造公眾對美國經濟看法的悲觀主義者來說,2023年的經濟走勢并不友好。盡管人們一致預測經濟衰退“不可避免”,但美國經濟的韌性使得經濟增長預測在臨近年底時被不斷上調,上調幅度達到了驚人的2個百分點。同樣,他們的看法也極其悲觀,一致認為美國經濟衰退的可能性在今年的大部分時間都保持在65%的水平,但隨著勞動力市場不斷升溫,美國經濟從未接近于衰退。

如今,值得注意的是,那些押注美國經濟衰退的悲觀人士在2024年加倍下注。他們一致預測經濟增長率將維持在1.2%(經濟低迷,低于一年前的水平),經濟陷入衰退的可能性為50%。

這是無可救藥的悲觀主義嗎?或者說,2023年的超預期表現并非基于基本面優勢,而是拉動需求帶來的僥幸事件——衰退推遲了,而不是避免了——這種觀點是否有道理?

我們認為悲觀情緒過甚,有理由堅持一年多來所持的更為樂觀的立場。是的,明年的經濟增長將是溫和的,而且伴隨著脆弱性和風險。但否認2023年的基本面優勢能夠持續下去,并無視通脹的大幅放緩(通脹本身曾一度被視為結構性失控問題),在我們看來是一種頑固的悲觀主義。悲觀的經濟預測符合經濟學的傳統,但我們應該提醒自己,每一次真正的危機背后,都有許多虛假警報。

對“軟著陸”的反常否認

盡管經濟強勁,但人們仍然不愿承認美國經濟會實現軟著陸。今年早些時候,有人斷然否定了通脹率會下降、勞動力市場會在美聯儲一系列激進加息措施的影響下得到緩解的觀點。拉里·薩默斯等持懷疑態度的人說,失業率保持在6%的情況下需要5年時間才能降低通脹,因此美國經濟實現軟著陸與理論和經驗“相悖”。

事實上,美國經濟實現軟著陸已有一年半的時間了。通脹率下降了6個百分點,由于雇主填補職位空缺和刪除招聘信息,導致職位空缺減少了330萬,勞動力市場明顯降溫。從歷史上看,職位空缺的大幅減少意味著失業率的大幅上升,這也是那些預測經濟衰退的人的主要論據。然而,失業率一直保持在幾十年來的低點附近。

這并不意味著軟著陸會持續下去——但它實際上是可以持續下去的。悲觀主義者喜歡把矛頭指向利率水平,認為高利率帶來的影響正在顯現,通脹將被證明是頑固的。這都是有可能的——但我們應該認識到,2023年面臨的挑戰比2024年預期面臨的挑戰更為嚴峻。整個2023年,通脹率要高得多,政策利率持續大幅走高。相比之下,2024年的通脹率可能會接近2%的政策目標,并最終實現降息。

這看起來更像是軟著陸的第三階段,而不是揮之不去的軟著陸是否會到來的問題。將軟著陸定義為經濟的永久擴張是在轉移目標。當然,總會有“下一次衰退”。但事實仍然是,美國經濟已經度過了軟著陸的第一階段(利率快速上升),并有望度過第二階段(利率受到限制期)。第三階段的成功意味著,利率正常化,趨向中性水平,從而實現經濟持續增長。這遠非不可能。

韌性“耗盡”?

面對消費者今年表現出的非凡韌性,許多末日論者將其歸因于疫情期間積累的過剩儲蓄,而這些儲蓄將不可避免地耗盡。按照這種說法,占美國國內生產總值約70%的消費者支出將在2023年逼近懸崖邊緣。但消費者支出下降從未出現過,悲觀主義者已經悄然將“懸崖邊緣”移到了2024年。

但是,將韌性視為一種可耗盡的儲備存在嚴重缺陷。它還與再生流動有關。家庭儲蓄并不像一個塞滿現金的鞋盒,會被花光。就此而言,(總)儲蓄率必須為負值。如今,盡管儲蓄率可能很低,但它仍是正值,達到了3.8%。

儲蓄率低有充分的理由:家庭財富接近歷史最高水平。財富越多,家庭儲蓄越少(反之亦然)。相對于異常強勁的財富水平,如今的儲蓄率并不罕見。當然,總量數據掩蓋了個人超額儲蓄的分布情況,因此,我們有理由認為儲蓄的逐漸消失會導致經濟增長放緩,但將其視為突然中止則不太合理。

因此,風險并不在于消費者會因為動用儲蓄而集體耗盡資金。相反,風險在于他們開始增加儲蓄,從而減少支出。然而,我們發現很難相信,家庭自主緊縮有一個具體的時間表,而且緊縮強度大到導致2024年出現經濟衰退。請牢記勞動力市場的強勁勢頭:就業人數仍在增長,總薪酬也在增長。

至關重要的是,2024年還將出現越來越多的韌性來源。目前,通貨膨脹率低于工資增長,從而帶來了實際工資增長(勞動力市場緊縮也往往使勞動力市場中的低收入階層受益最大)。這種影響可能會超過釋放過剩儲蓄帶來的阻力。是的,存量很重要,但資金流也很重要。2023年伊始,實際工資在下降(通脹高于工資增長),但超常水平的招聘抵消了這一影響(新發工資)。到2024年,招聘將更加溫和,但實際工資增長將更加重要。

軟著陸的硬傷

盡管經濟具有韌性,但軟著陸也有硬傷。經濟的許多領域都受到了傷害。這并不一定是矛盾的:總體和組成部分并不一定是亦步亦趨的。事實上,近年來各組成部分之間的差異比有史以來任何一次經濟擴張都要大。

實物商品的消費大幅放緩(盡管是與后疫情時期的超高峰值相比)。與此同時,約為商品消費規模兩倍的服務業仍在增長,以恢復到疫情前的趨勢。這種多元化推動了整體的韌性——即使這與許多經濟領域的痛苦并存。

軟著陸也帶來了更多的硬傷。通脹率(綜合指標)下降的另一面意味著經濟主體企業的定價能力減弱。通脹并不是結構性的制度轉變,而是需求(過多)和供給(過少)的明顯錯配。所有企業都可以在不失去市場份額的情況下提高價格。但隨著供需正常化,定價能力逐漸減弱,這是因為企業重新開始保護和爭奪市場份額。這也會影響到利潤率和利潤。利潤曾以兩位數強勁增長,因此利潤負增長也會(即使利潤水平處于歷史高位)讓人感覺是一種挫敗。

雖然這些硬傷在很大程度上已被消化,但其他一些硬傷卻更加頑固:較高的利率推高了家庭和企業的借貸成本,可能會繼續保持相對較高的水平。即使即將降息,2024年的利率也將遠遠高于疫情前的水平。事實上,除非出現經濟衰退,否則利率仍將遠高于近期的(人們認為的)“中性”水平(約2.5%)。

這將繼續給一些家庭(想想抵押貸款利率超過7%)和企業帶來痛苦,企業的破產率正在上升。但我們不能草率地根據這些不利因素進行推斷。請記住,加息的目的是減緩經濟增長。經濟活動減少才是關鍵。即使破產率上升也是一種預期結果:借貸成本提高將促使資源(包括勞動力)得到更好的配置。雖然美國的破產案例有所增加,但這仍是歷史最低水平,遠未達到目前的困境水平。

下一次衰退總是在路上

悲觀主義者有一點是對的:經濟會再次陷入衰退。在足夠長的時間內,這一預測終將實現。然而,2024年是否會出現衰退還遠不確定,而且在我們看來,衰退的可能性比持續增長的可能性要小。

此外,考慮衰退的可能性不如考慮衰退的類型更有助益。衰退有三種類型。首先是所謂的“政策失誤”,即央行加息速度過快,幅度過大,導致經濟崩盤。盡管這種風險依然存在,但最糟糕的時期顯然已經過去。其次,當銀行體系陷入危機,信貸停止流向經濟時,就會出現金融衰退。今年春天硅谷銀行(Silicon Valley Bank)的倒閉有力地提醒了我們,金融體系蘊藏著無數不透明的風險,但這也提醒我們,強有力的政策能夠取得什么樣的效果。

這就剩下了第三種類型的衰退——沖擊或實體投資泡沫破裂導致周期結束。由于經濟增長緩慢,2024年當然不能排除這種可能性,但沒有理由將其作為基本情況。在2024年,我們將更看好經濟發展前景。(財富中文網)

菲利普·卡爾松-斯萊扎克(Philipp Carlsson-Szlezak)是波士頓咨詢公司(BCG)紐約辦事處的董事總經理兼合伙人,也是該公司的全球首席經濟學家。保羅·斯沃茨(Paul Swartz)是位于紐約的波士頓咨詢公司亨德森研究所(BCG Henderson Institute)的董事兼高級經濟學家。

譯者:中慧言-王芳

2023 has not been kind to the pessimists who shape the public’s perception of the U.S. economy. Despite a widely predicted “inevitable” recession, the resilient U.S. economy forced growth forecast to be revised higher and higher by a staggering 2 percentage points as the year nears its end. Similarly, consensus odds of a U.S. recession were far too negative, remaining at 65% for most of the year, but the economy never came close to one as the labor market went from strength to strength.

Now, remarkably, those who bet on pessimism are doubling down for 2024. Consensus growth forecast remains at a sluggish 1.2% (below where they were a year ago) and recession odds are seen at 50%.

Is this a case of incorrigible pessimism? Or is there merit in the idea that 2023’s outperformance was not grounded in fundamental strengths but rather a lucky fluke of demand pulled forward–a recession delayed, not averted?

We think there is too much pessimism, and we see reason to double down on our own far more optimistic stance we’ve held for over a year. Yes, growth next year will be modest and that comes with vulnerabilities and risks. But to deny that the fundamental strengths of 2023 can persist, and to look past the significant easing of inflation (itself once cast as a structural runaway problem), strikes us as recalcitrant pessimism. Dour economic predictions are in keeping with the discipline’s tradition, but we should remind ourselves that for every true crisis, there are many false alarms.

The curious denial of the ‘soft landing’

Despite the economy’s strength, there remains a reluctance to recognize a soft landing. The idea that inflation could fall and the labor market ease graciously in the face of the Fed’s blistering series of rate hikes was flatly dismissed earlier this year. Skeptics such as Larry Summers said it would take 5 years of 6% unemployment to bring inflation down, and that a soft landing was “at odds” with theory and empirics.

In fact, we are over a year and a half into a soft landing. Inflation has fallen 6 percentage points, the labor market has cooled significantly as seen in 3.3 million fewer job openings as employers filled roles and removed job postings. Historically, a significant decline in job openings has meant a significant rise in the unemployment rate–a key argument of those predicting a recession. However, the unemployment rate has remained near its multi-decade low.

That doesn’t mean the soft landing will persist–but it can. Pessimists like to point to the level of interest rates, that their bite is waiting to take hold, and that inflation will prove stubborn. That’s all possible–but it should be recognized that the challenges of 2023 were more significant than the challenges expected in 2024. Inflation was far higher and policy rates continued to move sharply higher throughout 2023. In contrast, 2024 looks likely to deliver inflation closer to the policy target of 2% and, eventually, enable rate cuts.

That looks more like the third stage of a soft landing than the lingering question if there will be one. Framing a soft landing as a perpetual expansion is moving the goalposts. Of course, there will always be a “next recession.” But the fact remains that the economy has survived stage 1 of the soft landing (rapidly rising rates) and looks set to survive stage 2 (a period when rates are restrictive). The successful completion of a third stage is about continued growth as interest rates normalize towards neutral levels. That is far from impossible.

‘Running out’ of resilience?

Faced with consumers’ remarkable resilience this year, many doomsayers ascribed it to excess savings, amassed during the pandemic, that would inevitably run out. In this telling, consumer spending, which represents around 70% of U.S. GDP, was approaching the cliff edge in 2023. But the fall never happened–and the pessimists have quietly moved the cliff edge into 2024.

But thinking of resilience as a depletable stock has serious flaws. It is also about regenerative flows. Household savings are not like a shoebox stuffed with cash that is being spent down. For that, the (aggregate) savings rate would have to be negative. Today, while the savings rate may be low, it is positive at 3.8%.

And there is a good reason for the savings rate to be low: household wealth is near record highs. When wealth is high, households save less (and vice versa). The savings rate today is not unusual relative to these extraordinarily strong wealth levels. Of course, the aggregates hide the distribution of individual excess savings and it is reasonable to expect their gradual disappearance to be slowing growth–but it is less reasonable to see it as a sudden stop.

The risk, then, is not that consumers would collectively run out of money because they were dissaving. Rather, the risk is that they start saving more and therefore spending less. Yet, we find it hard to believe that self-directed household austerity will occur on a timeline and with an intensity that spells a 2024 recession. Remember the strength of the labor market: employment is still growing and so is total compensation.

Critically, 2024 will also see growing sources of resilience. Inflation is now lower than wage growth, delivering real wage growth (tight labor markets also tend to benefit the lower-income segments of the labor market most). This effect can outweigh the drag from unwinding excess savings. Yes, stocks matter, but so do flows. As 2023 began, real wages were falling (inflation was higher than wage growth) but extraordinary levels of hiring offset that (new paychecks). In 2024, hiring will be more modest, but rising real wage growth will matter more.

The hard edges of the soft landing

Resilience notwithstanding, the soft landing comes with hard edges. Many parts of the economy have been hurting. This need not be contradictory: The aggregate and the components don’t have to agree. In fact, in recent years the components have been more divergent than in any expansion on record.

The consumption of physical goods has seen a significant slowdown (albeit measured against the exalted peaks of the post-pandemic overshoot). Meanwhile, services, which are roughly twice the size of goods consumption, are still growing their way back to their pre-pandemic trend. That diversification has driven aggregate resilience–even if that coexists with pain in many parts of the economy.

And the soft landing comes with additional hard edges. The flipside of declining inflation (an aggregate measure) means waning pricing power for the firms making up the economy. Inflation wasn’t a structural regime shift–it was a brutal mismatch of (too much) demand and (too little) supply. All firms could raise prices without losing market share. But as demand and supply normalized, pricing power waned because firms returned to protecting and fighting for market share. That also feeds through to margins and profits. Profits had grown by strong double digits, so negative profit growth (even if the level of profit was historically strong) feels like a failure.

While these hard edges are largely being digested, others are more persistent: Higher interest rates that have pushed up borrowing costs for households and firms are likely to stay relatively high. Even with rate cuts on the horizon, interest rates will be far higher in 2024 than we were used to before the pandemic. In fact, barring a recession, they will remain far above recent perceptions of “neutral” (around 2.5%).

That will continue to drive pain for some households (think mortgage rates above 7%) and for firms, where bankruptcies are on the rise. But we must not extrapolate carelessly from these headwinds. Remember, the purpose of rising rates was to slow down the economy. Less activity is the point. Even higher bankruptcies are an intended outcome: more expensive capital will nudge toward better allocation of resources (including labor). And though bankruptcies in the U.S. are up, they are so from record-low levels and nowhere near distress levels today.

The next recession is always on its way

The pessimists are right in one way: There will be another recession. Over a long enough period, that prediction will eventually be fulfilled. Yet whether it arrives in 2024 is far from certain, and in our view, less likely than continued growth.

Additionally, thinking of the odds of a recession is less helpful than thinking of its type. Recessions come in three flavors. First, the so-called “policy error” where central banks push up rates too fast too far and the economy cracks. And while that risk remains, the worst is clearly behind us. Second, financial recessions occur when the banking system is in crisis and credit stops flowing to the economy. The collapse of Silicon Valley Bank last spring was a powerful reminder of the myriad and opaque risks the financial system harbors–but it was also a reminder of what forceful policy can achieve.

That leaves the third type of recession–when shocks or bursting real investment bubbles end the cycle. With growth slow, this certainly can’t be ruled out in 2024, but there is little reason to make it the base case. We are doubling down on economic optimism in 2024.

Philipp Carlsson-Szlezak is a managing director and partner in BCG’s New York office and the firm’s global chief economist. Paul Swartz is a director and senior economist at the BCG Henderson Institute in New York.

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