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氣候變化危害人類健康的6種方式——你能采取什么行動?

JODI HELMER
2023-10-22

氣候變化被稱為“全球最大的健康威脅”,增加了許多潛在危及生命的疾病的風險。

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氣候變化與更頻發的嚴重野火、極端天氣事件、干旱和污染有關,所有這些都會影響我們的食物、水、空氣和整體福祉。圖片來源:GETTY IMAGES

2023年夏天是歷史上最熱的夏天。全球變暖導致氣溫屢創新高,這不僅讓戶外活動變得難以忍受,還對我們的氣候和健康造成巨大影響。氣候變化與更頻發的嚴重野火、極端天氣事件、干旱和污染有關,所有這些都會影響我們的食物、水、空氣和整體福祉。

華盛頓大學健康與全球環境中心教授克里斯蒂·埃比說:“人們已經因氣候變化而遭受痛苦和死亡,目前的估計顯然大大低估了受影響的人數。氣候變化造成的死亡都是可預防死亡。”

全球變暖和氣候變化如何危害健康

全球變暖和氣候變化這兩個短語經常被交替使用,但它們是不同的。全球變暖,即人類活動導致地球表面長期升溫,只是氣候變化的一個方面。地球溫度、海平面、風和降水模式的長期變化被稱為氣候變化。

氣候變化被稱為“全球最大的健康威脅”,增加了許多潛在危及生命的疾病的風險。

1. 心臟病

極端高溫與心臟病發作、中風和其他心血管疾病發病風險增加相關。

出汗、脫水和體內鹽分的流失會進一步導致血液粘稠,加重心臟負擔。耶魯大學公共衛生學院助理教授兼氣候變化與健康中心研究主任陳凱(音譯)博士表示,高溫還會引發炎癥,對心臟產生不利影響。

2. 傳染性疾病

氣候變化意味著春天來得更早,秋天來得更晚,這些變化使傳染性疾病的風險增加了58%。

陳指出,氣候變暖使得蚊子、蜱蟲和其他攜帶疾病的昆蟲擴大了地理活動范圍,并補充說:“在冬天,溫度不夠低,無法殺死昆蟲,所以增加了傳播病毒的機會。”

除了萊姆病、登革熱和其他病媒傳播疾病的發病率上升外,颶風、洪水和其他極端天氣事件的增加也使得其他病原體在全球范圍內的傳播風險上升,包括漢坦病毒、腺病毒、腦炎和新冠病毒。

3. 癡呆癥

氣候變化使野火更頻發和嚴重,野火燃燒時空氣(和您的肺部)中彌漫的細顆粒物(污染空氣)可能會對認知健康產生影響。

加州大學洛杉磯分校教授戴爾·布雷德森博士說:“當你研究增加癡呆癥風險的空氣污染類型時,你會發現野火位居榜首。”

野火產生的顆粒物與患癡呆癥的風險增加相關,據估計,野火每年可能導致多達18.8萬例癡呆癥。要確定兩者之間的確切聯系,仍需要進行研究,但存在幾種說法,包括空氣污染可能會增加炎癥,導致腦內斑塊的形成。

布雷德森說:“任何減少血流量、氧氣和線粒體以及增加炎癥的因素都可能使患癡呆癥的風險上升。”

4. 慢性腎病

對于那些在戶外工作的人來說,高溫和高濕度會對腎臟造成不可逆轉的損害。在極端高溫的天氣里,因尿路感染、腎結石和急性腎損傷而到急診室就診的人數有所上升。

埃比說:“大多數人并不了解高溫會對健康造成嚴重危害。”

熱應激是罹患非傳統來源慢性腎病(這是一種與糖尿病、高血壓或其他腎病無關的致命疾病)的主要風險因素。這種疾病在高溫環境下從事體力勞動的工人中更為常見。

這種疾病被認為是脫水、體力消耗、飲用含糖飲料和其他應激源給腎臟帶來的后果,在中美洲被稱為“流行病”,一些數據顯示,經常在高溫環境下工作的人中有15%患有這種疾病,其中包括美國勞動者。

5. 呼吸道疾病

氣溫升高意味著過敏原增多;干旱增加了野火風險;氣候變化增加了地面臭氧量。目前,全球99%的人口呼吸的空氣超過了世界衛生組織的污染限值。

埃比說:“特定大小的顆粒物會深入肺部,被肺組織吸收,從而進入人體,導致呼吸系統問題。”

空氣污染與多種呼吸系統疾病有關,從肺炎、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)到肺癌,每年造成640萬人死亡。空氣污染已成為全球環境中導致疾病和過早死亡的主要原因。

6. 心理健康問題

根據美國心理學會(APA)的一項調查,“生態焦慮”一詞已納入詞典,而且68%的成年人承認對氣候變化的影響感到焦慮或擔憂。

氣候變化確實對人類福祉產生了實實在在的影響。研究發現,在經歷颶風和野火等極端天氣事件后,創傷后應激障礙(PTSD)很常見。2018年加州營地大火的幸存者患創傷后應激障礙的比例與退伍軍人相似。

在熱浪期間,精神病住院率和自殺率似乎也上升了。陳指出,睡眠問題是氣候變化影響心理健康的潛在原因。

他說:“當我們遇到極端高溫的天氣時,如果沒有空調,就可能睡不好覺。睡眠障礙也會導致精神障礙。”

保護健康

一夜之間調低地球上的恒溫器也許并不可行,但你可以采取行動來減少氣候變化對健康的造成的影響。

在熱浪期間:

? 打開電風扇

? 用冷水泡腳

? 用冰毛巾敷

? 多喝冷水

空氣質量指數較高時:

? 避免戶外活動

? 保持門窗關閉

? 佩戴N95或KN95口罩

在你所在地區蜱蟲猖獗時:

通過穿長袖長褲,涂抹驅蟲劑,防止跳蚤和蜱蟲叮咬來預防傳染病。

應對氣候變化至關重要

在美國心理學會的調查中,60%的成年人改變了自己的行為,以為減緩氣候變化做出貢獻。

你可以通過步行、騎自行車或駕駛電動汽車,少吃肉類和奶制品,減少食物浪費以及在當地購物(盡量減少運輸過程中產生的碳排放)來減少溫室氣體排放。陳指出,這些個人行動可以產生集體影響。

他說:“在疫情的頭一年,我們實施了封城和居家隔離……在全球各大城市,我們發現交通排放減少了……空氣清新多了,這是因為當你減少化石燃料的排放時,就會減少空氣污染。這表明,當人們共同行動來減少化石燃料的排放時,就會立即給環境帶來好處,從而直接轉化為健康益處。”(財富中文網)

譯者:中慧言-王芳

2023年夏天是歷史上最熱的夏天。全球變暖導致氣溫屢創新高,這不僅讓戶外活動變得難以忍受,還對我們的氣候和健康造成巨大影響。氣候變化與更頻發的嚴重野火、極端天氣事件、干旱和污染有關,所有這些都會影響我們的食物、水、空氣和整體福祉。

華盛頓大學健康與全球環境中心教授克里斯蒂·埃比說:“人們已經因氣候變化而遭受痛苦和死亡,目前的估計顯然大大低估了受影響的人數。氣候變化造成的死亡都是可預防死亡。”

全球變暖和氣候變化如何危害健康

全球變暖和氣候變化這兩個短語經常被交替使用,但它們是不同的。全球變暖,即人類活動導致地球表面長期升溫,只是氣候變化的一個方面。地球溫度、海平面、風和降水模式的長期變化被稱為氣候變化。

氣候變化被稱為“全球最大的健康威脅”,增加了許多潛在危及生命的疾病的風險。

1. 心臟病

極端高溫與心臟病發作、中風和其他心血管疾病發病風險增加相關。

出汗、脫水和體內鹽分的流失會進一步導致血液粘稠,加重心臟負擔。耶魯大學公共衛生學院助理教授兼氣候變化與健康中心研究主任陳凱(音譯)博士表示,高溫還會引發炎癥,對心臟產生不利影響。

2. 傳染性疾病

氣候變化意味著春天來得更早,秋天來得更晚,這些變化使傳染性疾病的風險增加了58%。

陳指出,氣候變暖使得蚊子、蜱蟲和其他攜帶疾病的昆蟲擴大了地理活動范圍,并補充說:“在冬天,溫度不夠低,無法殺死昆蟲,所以增加了傳播病毒的機會。”

除了萊姆病、登革熱和其他病媒傳播疾病的發病率上升外,颶風、洪水和其他極端天氣事件的增加也使得其他病原體在全球范圍內的傳播風險上升,包括漢坦病毒、腺病毒、腦炎和新冠病毒。

3. 癡呆癥

氣候變化使野火更頻發和嚴重,野火燃燒時空氣(和您的肺部)中彌漫的細顆粒物(污染空氣)可能會對認知健康產生影響。

加州大學洛杉磯分校教授戴爾·布雷德森博士說:“當你研究增加癡呆癥風險的空氣污染類型時,你會發現野火位居榜首。”

野火產生的顆粒物與患癡呆癥的風險增加相關,據估計,野火每年可能導致多達18.8萬例癡呆癥。要確定兩者之間的確切聯系,仍需要進行研究,但存在幾種說法,包括空氣污染可能會增加炎癥,導致腦內斑塊的形成。

布雷德森說:“任何減少血流量、氧氣和線粒體以及增加炎癥的因素都可能使患癡呆癥的風險上升。”

4. 慢性腎病

對于那些在戶外工作的人來說,高溫和高濕度會對腎臟造成不可逆轉的損害。在極端高溫的天氣里,因尿路感染、腎結石和急性腎損傷而到急診室就診的人數有所上升。

埃比說:“大多數人并不了解高溫會對健康造成嚴重危害。”

熱應激是罹患非傳統來源慢性腎病(這是一種與糖尿病、高血壓或其他腎病無關的致命疾病)的主要風險因素。這種疾病在高溫環境下從事體力勞動的工人中更為常見。

這種疾病被認為是脫水、體力消耗、飲用含糖飲料和其他應激源給腎臟帶來的后果,在中美洲被稱為“流行病”,一些數據顯示,經常在高溫環境下工作的人中有15%患有這種疾病,其中包括美國勞動者。

5. 呼吸道疾病

氣溫升高意味著過敏原增多;干旱增加了野火風險;氣候變化增加了地面臭氧量。目前,全球99%的人口呼吸的空氣超過了世界衛生組織的污染限值。

埃比說:“特定大小的顆粒物會深入肺部,被肺組織吸收,從而進入人體,導致呼吸系統問題。”

空氣污染與多種呼吸系統疾病有關,從肺炎、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)到肺癌,每年造成640萬人死亡。空氣污染已成為全球環境中導致疾病和過早死亡的主要原因。

6. 心理健康問題

根據美國心理學會(APA)的一項調查,“生態焦慮”一詞已納入詞典,而且68%的成年人承認對氣候變化的影響感到焦慮或擔憂。

氣候變化確實對人類福祉產生了實實在在的影響。研究發現,在經歷颶風和野火等極端天氣事件后,創傷后應激障礙(PTSD)很常見。2018年加州營地大火的幸存者患創傷后應激障礙的比例與退伍軍人相似。

在熱浪期間,精神病住院率和自殺率似乎也上升了。陳指出,睡眠問題是氣候變化影響心理健康的潛在原因。

他說:“當我們遇到極端高溫的天氣時,如果沒有空調,就可能睡不好覺。睡眠障礙也會導致精神障礙。”

保護健康

一夜之間調低地球上的恒溫器也許并不可行,但你可以采取行動來減少氣候變化對健康的造成的影響。

在熱浪期間:

? 打開電風扇

? 用冷水泡腳

? 用冰毛巾敷

? 多喝冷水

空氣質量指數較高時:

? 避免戶外活動

? 保持門窗關閉

? 佩戴N95或KN95口罩

在你所在地區蜱蟲猖獗時

通過穿長袖長褲,涂抹驅蟲劑,防止跳蚤和蜱蟲叮咬來預防傳染病。

應對氣候變化至關重要

在美國心理學會的調查中,60%的成年人改變了自己的行為,以為減緩氣候變化做出貢獻。

你可以通過步行、騎自行車或駕駛電動汽車,少吃肉類和奶制品,減少食物浪費以及在當地購物(盡量減少運輸過程中產生的碳排放)來減少溫室氣體排放。陳指出,這些個人行動可以產生集體影響。

他說:“在疫情的頭一年,我們實施了封城和居家隔離……在全球各大城市,我們發現交通排放減少了……空氣清新多了,這是因為當你減少化石燃料的排放時,就會減少空氣污染。這表明,當人們共同行動來減少化石燃料的排放時,就會立即給環境帶來好處,從而直接轉化為健康益處。”(財富中文網)

譯者:中慧言-王芳

The summer of 2023 was the hottest in history. Global warming has resulted in record-breaking temperatures that don’t just make it unbearable to be outside—they’re taking a massive toll on our climate and health. Climate change is associated with more frequent and severe wildfires, extreme weather events, droughts, and pollution—all of which impact our food, water, air, and overall well-being.

“People are already suffering and dying from climate change [and] the current estimates are certainly significant underestimates of the people being affected,” says Kristie Ebi, a professor in the Center for Health and the Global Environment at the University of Washington. “These are preventable deaths.”

How global warming and climate change hurt your health

Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably, but they are different. Global warming, the long-term heating of Earth’s surface as a result of human activity, is just one aspect of climate change. The long-term changes in Earth’s temperature, sea levels, wind, and precipitation patterns are known as climate change.

Climate change has been called “the greatest global health threat,” increasing the risk of a number of potentially life-threatening conditions.

1. Heart disease

Extreme heat has been linked to an increase in heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular events.

Sweating, dehydration, and loss of salt in your system make your blood thicker and cause your heart to work harder. Heat also triggers inflammation, which can have an adverse impact on your heart, according to Kai Chen, Ph.D., assistant professor at Yale School of Public Health and director of research at the Yale Center on Climate Change and Health.

2. Infectious disease

A changing climate means the earlier arrival of spring and later onset of fall, and those shifts have increased risk of infectious diseases by 58%.

Chen notes that a warming climate has allowed mosquitoes, ticks, and other disease-carrying insects to expand their geographic range, adding, “In the winter, it’s not cold enough to kill the insects, so there is more chance to transmit viruses.”

In addition to higher rates of Lyme disease, dengue, and other vector-borne diseases, an increase in hurricanes, floods, and other extreme weather events has increased the global risk of other pathogens, including hantavirus, adenovirus, encephalitis, and COVID-19.

3. Dementia

Climate change has made wildfires more frequent and severe, and the fine particulate matter that pollutes that fills the air (and your lungs) when wildfires burn could have an impact on your cognitive health.

“When you look at the types of air pollution that increase the risk of dementia, wildfires are number one,” says Dr. Dale Bredesen, professor at University of California, Los Angeles.

The particulate matter from wildfires has been linked to a higher risk of developing dementia, with some estimates showing that it could cause up to 188,000 cases of dementia annually. Research is still needed to determine the exact connection but there are several theories, including the potential for air pollution to increase inflammation and contribute to the development of plaques in the brain.

“Anything that decreases the blood flow, oxygen, and mitochondria and increases inflammation can increase the risk of dementia,” says Bredesen.

4. Chronic kidney disease

For those working outdoors, high heat and humidity could have an irreversible toll on the kidneys. On days with extreme heat, there was an uptick in the number of emergency room visits for urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and acute kidney injury.

“Most people don’t understand that heat is a serious health risk,” says Ebi.

Heat stress is the main risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease of nontraditional origin, which is a fatal condition that is unrelated to diabetes, hypertension or other causes of kidney disease. It’s more common in workers who perform manual labor in hot environments.

The condition, which is believed to be a result of dehydration, physical exertion, drinking sugar-sweetened beverages, and other stressors on the kidneys, has been called an “epidemic” in Central America, and some data shows that it affects 15% of those who frequently work in hot environments, including laborers in the U.S..

5. Respiratory disease

Warmer temperatures mean more allergens; droughts increase wildfire risk; and climate change increases the amount of ground-level ozone. Currently, 99% of the global population breathes air that exceeds the World Health Organization guidelines for pollution limits.

“Particles of a particular size embed themselves deep in the lung, get absorbed by the lung tissue, get into our bodies, and lead to respiratory issues,” Ebi says.

Air pollution has been linked to numerous respiratory illnesses from pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to lung cancer; it’s responsible for 6.4 million deaths every year, making air pollution that leading global environmental cause of illness and premature death.

6. Mental health issues

The term “eco anxiety” has become part of the lexicon with 68% of adults admitting to feeling anxious or worried about the impact of climate change, according to an American Psychological Association (APA) survey.

Climate change does have a very real impact on well-being. Studies have found that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common after experiencing extreme weather events such as hurricanes and wildfires. Survivors of the 2018 Camp Fire in California had rates of PTSD similar to those of war veterans.

Hospitalization for psychiatric disorders and suicide rates also appear to be higher during heat waves. Chen points to sleep issues as a potential cause for the mental health impacts of climate change.

“When we have very hot days, you probably won’t get a good sleep if you don’t have air conditioning,” he says. “Sleep disturbances can also lead to mental disorders.”

Protect your health

It might not be possible to turn down the thermostat on the planet overnight, but there are things you can do to reduce the health impacts of climate change on your health.

During heat waves:

? Turn on electric fans

? Soak your feet in cold water

? Apply ice towels

? Drink lots of cold water

When the air quality index is poor:

? Avoid outdoor activities

? Keep windows and door closed

? Wear N95 or KN95 masks

During times when ticks are common in your area:

Wear long sleeves and long pants and apply insect repellent to protect against flea and tick bites that can spread infectious disease.

Combatting climate change is essential

In the APA survey, six out of 10 adults had changed behaviors to reduce their contributions to climate change.

You can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by walking, biking, or driving an electric vehicle, eating less meat and dairy, reducing food waste and shopping local to minimize carbon emissions created during shipping. These individual actions can have a collective impact, notes Chen.

“In the first year of COVID-19, we had lockdowns [and] at home quarantine…and in major cities across the world, we saw reductions in the traffic emissions…and much cleaner air [because] when you reduce the fossil fuel emissions, you will reduce air pollution,” he says. “It shows that when people act together to reduce the fossil fuel emissions, there are immediate benefits to the environment that can translate into direct health benefits.”

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