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資深分析師:特斯拉股票僅值26美元,理由有5個

WILL DANIEL
2023-07-30

特斯拉的毛利率從2022年第四季度24%的峰值降至上季度的18.2%,略低于華爾街的一致預期18.8%。

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6月16日,特斯拉(Tesla)首席執行官埃隆·馬斯克(Elon Musk)出席在法國巴黎舉行的VivaTech科技創新展覽會。圖片來源:NATHAN LAINE—BLOOMBERG/GETTY IMAGES

在特斯拉公布了喜憂參半的第二季度財報后,一些華爾街分析師認為,這只是埃隆·馬斯克和特斯拉噩夢的開始。

在最新財報顯示利潤率下降、需求減弱后,投資研究公司New Constructs的首席執行官大衛·特雷納(David Trainer)認為,特斯拉股票僅值26美元。

這位資深分析師在一份報告中寫道:“特斯拉(股票代碼:TSLA)第二季度的收益證實了我們的觀點,即該股是市場上估值最高的股票之一。”

盡管特斯拉第二季度的營收達到249億美元,超過了華爾街的一致預期(此前的預期為245.1億美元,調整后的每股收益為0.91美元,此前的預期為0.81美元),但利潤率仍面臨壓力。

特斯拉的毛利率從2022年第四季度24%的峰值降至上季度的18.2%,略低于華爾街的一致預期18.8%。馬斯克還表示,第三季度的電動汽車產量將略有下降,暗示可能會進一步降價,并在公司的財報電話會議上指出了經濟的不可預測性。

特斯拉在過去一年里大幅下調了一些最受歡迎的電動汽車車型的價格,以應對日益激烈的競爭環境和經濟逆風,但此舉讓一些分析師對該公司保持盈利的能力感到擔憂。

盡管華爾街的空頭發出了警告,但特斯拉的股價今年迄今已經飆升了140%以上(從2022年科技股和成長股因利率上升而遭受重創的慘淡行情中恢復過來)。

一年多來,經濟學家對經濟衰退的預測一直未能實現,許多投資者一直預計美國經濟將實現軟著陸,并預計特斯拉等科技股將迎來新一輪牛市,但大衛·特雷納警告稱,這一預測可能是有誤的。

他說:“今年以來,隨著整體市場情緒的突然轉變,特斯拉的股價一直在上漲。在美聯儲去年大舉加息之后,許多投資者現在預計美國經濟將實現軟著陸。但市場情緒的轉變并不能改變特斯拉股票基本面與現實完全脫節的事實。”

看空的五大理由

特雷納的公司以聚焦現金流和利潤率等企業基本面分析而聞名。他列出了自己看空特斯拉股票的五大主要理由。

首先,他警告說,在競爭加劇和持續通脹的情況下,特斯拉電動汽車需求放緩成為一大問題。特斯拉的汽車產量已經連續五個季度超過銷量,而未來幾年各大公司將推出數百款新電動汽車。

特雷納認為,解決需求問題的唯一辦法是降價,這就引出了他的第二大關鍵問題——利潤率。如前所述,由于持續降價和成本上升,特斯拉的毛利率在過去幾個季度大幅下降。特雷納警告說:“如果電動汽車需求放緩,特斯拉可能會發現自己的庫存水平高于預期,這可能會導致進一步降價,給已經下滑的利潤率帶來額外壓力。”

第三,特雷納表示,特斯拉正處于“大規模燒錢”階段,他指出,除了上市那一年(2019年)外,特斯拉的自由現金流一直為負值。自由現金流是衡量一家公司在支付運營費用和資本支出后剩余現金量的指標。

“盡管特斯拉實現了營收增長,但它仍在消耗大量現金。在過去的五年里,特斯拉累計消耗了42億美元的自由現金流(FCF),其中僅在過去的12個月里就消耗了36億美元。

第四,特雷納認為,特斯拉的看漲者依賴于對該公司全自動駕駛業務和電動汽車充電網絡的過高估計來為該公司估值,但這些業務部門目前對特斯拉的盈虧底線“并不重要”,因為特斯拉約86%的收入來自汽車銷售。

長期以來,特斯拉的看漲者一直認為,特斯拉不僅僅是一家汽車制造商,而是一家擁有多個垂直領域的科技公司,比如保險、太陽能、住房,當然,還有機器人。我們早就駁斥了這些牛市夢想。”他寫道。“盡管特斯拉承諾發展多條業務線,但其業務仍集中在汽車領域。”

最后,特雷納認為,隨著降價對利潤率造成壓力,以及來自傳統汽車制造商的競爭日趨白熱化,特斯拉目前的估值根本不合理。他解釋說:“雖然特斯拉是盈利的,但其利潤遠未達到證明其當前估值合理的水平。”

特斯拉目前的遠期市盈率約為80倍,而標準普爾500指數成份股科技公司的遠期市盈率僅略高于25倍。

為了給特斯拉確定一個更準確的估值,特雷納和他的團隊使用了反向貼現現金流(DCF)模型——一種估算未來現金流或利潤水平的估值方法,以證明公司當前股價的合理性。

利用這一模型,他們發現特斯拉需要實現幾乎前所未有的129%的投資資本回報率(ROIC),并在2032年之前達到蘋果(Apple)盈利的兩倍以上,才能證明其當前股價的合理性。

以資參考,根據晨星公司(Morningstar)的數據,特斯拉過去12個月的投資資本回報率僅為24%,盡管該公司去年實現了創紀錄的126億美元利潤,但與蘋果的998億美元利潤相比,仍然相形見絀。

特雷納寫道:“我們的目標是提供無可爭議的最佳情景,以評估特斯拉股市估值所反映的未來市場份額和利潤預期。即使這樣做,我們也發現特斯拉被嚴重高估了。”

牛市的可能

當然,有熊市就有牛市——特斯拉也會迎來牛市。以韋德布什證券公司(Wedbush)的頂級科技分析師丹·艾夫斯(Dan Ives)為例。艾夫斯對特斯拉第二季度財報的看法與特雷納和看空者截然不同。

他在周四的一份報告中指出,特斯拉的毛利率正處于“穩定模式”(特雷納擔心特斯拉的毛利率會繼續下降),馬斯克的降價舉措提振了特斯拉電動汽車需求,而特斯拉的全自動駕駛人工智能技術和電動汽車充電網絡將有助于在未來幾年提高利潤。

他在周四的一份報告中寫道:“這是‘黃金愿景’,因為特斯拉現在正在利用電池和人工智能/全自動駕駛技術將其超級充電網絡貨幣化,下一步將為特斯拉的部分之和故事添磚加瓦。”他重申了相當于買入的“跑贏大盤”評級,并將其12個月目標價從300美元上調至350美元。

艾夫斯的觀點與馬斯克不謀而合,馬斯克此前表示,最近的降價導致毛利率出現了“微小”和 “短期”變化,但最終全自動駕駛技術將成為真正的賺錢工具。這位億萬富翁說:"全自動駕駛技術會讓所有這些數字看起來都很愚蠢。”

盡管特雷納警告稱,到2032年,特斯拉的利潤需要達到蘋果當前盈利的近兩倍,才能證明其當前估值的合理性,但艾夫斯并不認為這有多離譜。

他說:“簡而言之,我們認為特斯拉就像2008/2009年期間的蘋果一樣,當時蘋果(庫比蒂諾是蘋果總部)剛剛開始將其服務和黃金生態系統貨幣化,華爾街當時還沒有看到更廣闊的黃金愿景。我們認為本季度是特斯拉朝著正確方向邁出的重要一步,因為特斯拉在布局方面已經遠超競爭對手。”(財富中文網)

譯者:中慧言-王芳

在特斯拉公布了喜憂參半的第二季度財報后,一些華爾街分析師認為,這只是埃隆·馬斯克和特斯拉噩夢的開始。

在最新財報顯示利潤率下降、需求減弱后,投資研究公司New Constructs的首席執行官大衛·特雷納(David Trainer)認為,特斯拉股票僅值26美元。

這位資深分析師在一份報告中寫道:“特斯拉(股票代碼:TSLA)第二季度的收益證實了我們的觀點,即該股是市場上估值最高的股票之一。”

盡管特斯拉第二季度的營收達到249億美元,超過了華爾街的一致預期(此前的預期為245.1億美元,調整后的每股收益為0.91美元,此前的預期為0.81美元),但利潤率仍面臨壓力。

特斯拉的毛利率從2022年第四季度24%的峰值降至上季度的18.2%,略低于華爾街的一致預期18.8%。馬斯克還表示,第三季度的電動汽車產量將略有下降,暗示可能會進一步降價,并在公司的財報電話會議上指出了經濟的不可預測性。

特斯拉在過去一年里大幅下調了一些最受歡迎的電動汽車車型的價格,以應對日益激烈的競爭環境和經濟逆風,但此舉讓一些分析師對該公司保持盈利的能力感到擔憂。

盡管華爾街的空頭發出了警告,但特斯拉的股價今年迄今已經飆升了140%以上(從2022年科技股和成長股因利率上升而遭受重創的慘淡行情中恢復過來)。

一年多來,經濟學家對經濟衰退的預測一直未能實現,許多投資者一直預計美國經濟將實現軟著陸,并預計特斯拉等科技股將迎來新一輪牛市,但大衛·特雷納警告稱,這一預測可能是有誤的。

他說:“今年以來,隨著整體市場情緒的突然轉變,特斯拉的股價一直在上漲。在美聯儲去年大舉加息之后,許多投資者現在預計美國經濟將實現軟著陸。但市場情緒的轉變并不能改變特斯拉股票基本面與現實完全脫節的事實。”

看空的五大理由

特雷納的公司以聚焦現金流和利潤率等企業基本面分析而聞名。他列出了自己看空特斯拉股票的五大主要理由。

首先,他警告說,在競爭加劇和持續通脹的情況下,特斯拉電動汽車需求放緩成為一大問題。特斯拉的汽車產量已經連續五個季度超過銷量,而未來幾年各大公司將推出數百款新電動汽車。

特雷納認為,解決需求問題的唯一辦法是降價,這就引出了他的第二大關鍵問題——利潤率。如前所述,由于持續降價和成本上升,特斯拉的毛利率在過去幾個季度大幅下降。特雷納警告說:“如果電動汽車需求放緩,特斯拉可能會發現自己的庫存水平高于預期,這可能會導致進一步降價,給已經下滑的利潤率帶來額外壓力。”

第三,特雷納表示,特斯拉正處于“大規模燒錢”階段,他指出,除了上市那一年(2019年)外,特斯拉的自由現金流一直為負值。自由現金流是衡量一家公司在支付運營費用和資本支出后剩余現金量的指標。

“盡管特斯拉實現了營收增長,但它仍在消耗大量現金。在過去的五年里,特斯拉累計消耗了42億美元的自由現金流(FCF),其中僅在過去的12個月里就消耗了36億美元。

第四,特雷納認為,特斯拉的看漲者依賴于對該公司全自動駕駛業務和電動汽車充電網絡的過高估計來為該公司估值,但這些業務部門目前對特斯拉的盈虧底線“并不重要”,因為特斯拉約86%的收入來自汽車銷售。

長期以來,特斯拉的看漲者一直認為,特斯拉不僅僅是一家汽車制造商,而是一家擁有多個垂直領域的科技公司,比如保險、太陽能、住房,當然,還有機器人。我們早就駁斥了這些牛市夢想。”他寫道。“盡管特斯拉承諾發展多條業務線,但其業務仍集中在汽車領域。”

最后,特雷納認為,隨著降價對利潤率造成壓力,以及來自傳統汽車制造商的競爭日趨白熱化,特斯拉目前的估值根本不合理。他解釋說:“雖然特斯拉是盈利的,但其利潤遠未達到證明其當前估值合理的水平。”

特斯拉目前的遠期市盈率約為80倍,而標準普爾500指數成份股科技公司的遠期市盈率僅略高于25倍。

為了給特斯拉確定一個更準確的估值,特雷納和他的團隊使用了反向貼現現金流(DCF)模型——一種估算未來現金流或利潤水平的估值方法,以證明公司當前股價的合理性。

利用這一模型,他們發現特斯拉需要實現幾乎前所未有的129%的投資資本回報率(ROIC),并在2032年之前達到蘋果(Apple)盈利的兩倍以上,才能證明其當前股價的合理性。

以資參考,根據晨星公司(Morningstar)的數據,特斯拉過去12個月的投資資本回報率僅為24%,盡管該公司去年實現了創紀錄的126億美元利潤,但與蘋果的998億美元利潤相比,仍然相形見絀。

特雷納寫道:“我們的目標是提供無可爭議的最佳情景,以評估特斯拉股市估值所反映的未來市場份額和利潤預期。即使這樣做,我們也發現特斯拉被嚴重高估了。”

牛市的可能

當然,有熊市就有牛市——特斯拉也會迎來牛市。以韋德布什證券公司(Wedbush)的頂級科技分析師丹·艾夫斯(Dan Ives)為例。艾夫斯對特斯拉第二季度財報的看法與特雷納和看空者截然不同。

他在周四的一份報告中指出,特斯拉的毛利率正處于“穩定模式”(特雷納擔心特斯拉的毛利率會繼續下降),馬斯克的降價舉措提振了特斯拉電動汽車需求,而特斯拉的全自動駕駛人工智能技術和電動汽車充電網絡將有助于在未來幾年提高利潤。

他在周四的一份報告中寫道:“這是‘黃金愿景’,因為特斯拉現在正在利用電池和人工智能/全自動駕駛技術將其超級充電網絡貨幣化,下一步將為特斯拉的部分之和故事添磚加瓦。”他重申了相當于買入的“跑贏大盤”評級,并將其12個月目標價從300美元上調至350美元。

艾夫斯的觀點與馬斯克不謀而合,馬斯克此前表示,最近的降價導致毛利率出現了“微小”和 “短期”變化,但最終全自動駕駛技術將成為真正的賺錢工具。這位億萬富翁說:"全自動駕駛技術會讓所有這些數字看起來都很愚蠢。”

盡管特雷納警告稱,到2032年,特斯拉的利潤需要達到蘋果當前盈利的近兩倍,才能證明其當前估值的合理性,但艾夫斯并不認為這有多離譜。

他說:“簡而言之,我們認為特斯拉就像2008/2009年期間的蘋果一樣,當時蘋果(庫比蒂諾是蘋果總部)剛剛開始將其服務和黃金生態系統貨幣化,華爾街當時還沒有看到更廣闊的黃金愿景。我們認為本季度是特斯拉朝著正確方向邁出的重要一步,因為特斯拉在布局方面已經遠超競爭對手。”(財富中文網)

譯者:中慧言-王芳

Shares of Tesla sank more than 9% on Thursday after the company reported mixed results for the second quarter. Now, some Wall Street analysts are making the case that it’s just the beginning of a nightmare for Elon Musk and company.

David Trainer, CEO of the investment research firm New Constructs, believes Tesla is worth just $26 per share after its latest earnings showed deteriorating margins and waning demand. That’s roughly a tenth of the EV giant’s Thursday closing price.

“Tesla’s (TSLA) second quarter earnings confirm our view that the stock is one of the most overvalued stocks in the market,” the veteran analyst wrote in a Thursday note.

Although Tesla managed to beat Wall Street’s consensus estimates for the second quarter, reporting revenue of $24.9 billion compared to the forecasted $24.51 billion (and adjusted earnings-per-share of $0.91 against the estimated $0.81), margins came under pressure.

Tesla’s gross profit margin fell from its fourth quarter 2022 peak of 24% to just 18.2% last quarter, slightly below Wall Street’s consensus estimate for 18.8%. Musk also signaled that third quarter EV production will be down slightly, hinted that more price cuts could be on the way, and flagged an unpredictable economy in the company’s earnings call.

Tesla has slashed prices on some of its most popular EV models over the past year in an attempt to fight off rising competition and economic headwinds, but the move has some analysts concerned about the firm’s ability to maintain profitability.

Despite the warnings from bears on Wall Street, Tesla stock has jumped more than 140% year-to-date, recovering from a brutal 2022 where tech and growth stocks were hammered by rising interest rates.

After more than a year of recession predictions from economists have failed to materialize, many investors have been anticipating a soft landing for the U.S. economy and pricing in a new bull market for tech shares like Tesla, but David Trainer warned that could be a mistake.

“Tesla’s stock has been rising this year amid a sudden shift in overall market sentiment, with many investors now pricing in a soft landing scenario after a brutal past year of Federal Reserve rate hikes,” he said. “But the shift in market sentiment doesn’t change the fact that Tesla’s stock fundamentals are completely disconnected from reality.”

5 reasons to be bearish

Trainer, whose firm is known for its focus on analyzing corporate fundamentals such as cash flow and profit margins, laid out five main reasons why he’s bearish on Tesla shares Thursday.

First, he warned that demand for Tesla EVs has become an issue amid rising competition and consistent inflation. Tesla has now produced more vehicles than it sold for five consecutive quarters, and there are hundreds of up and coming EV models set to hit the market over the next few years.

The only solution to this demand problem is price cuts, Trainer argued, and that brings us to his second key concern—margins. As previously mentioned, Tesla’s gross margins have dropped significantly in the past few quarters due to consistent price cuts and rising costs. And “should demand for EVs slow, Tesla could find itself with higher than wanted inventory levels, which could lead to further price cuts and additional pressure on already falling margins,” Trainer warned.

Third, Trainer said Tesla is in the middle of a “massive cash burn,” noting that the company has had negative free cash flow—a measure of the amount of cash a company has left after paying its operating expenses and capital expenditures—in all but one year of its existence as a public company (2019).

“Despite Tesla’s top line growth, it continues to burn massive amounts of cash. Over the past five years, Tesla has burned a cumulative $4.2 billion in free cash flow (FCF), including $3.6 billion over the trailing-twelve months (TTM) alone,” he wrote.

Fourth, Trainer argued that Tesla bulls rely on lofty estimates for the firm’s full-self driving business and EV charging network in order to value the company, but these business segments “aren’t material” to the bottom line at the moment as some 86% of Tesla’s revenues come from selling cars.

“Bulls have long argued that Tesla isn’t just an automaker, but rather a technology company with multiple verticals such as insurance, solar power, housing, and, yes, robots. We’ve long refuted these bull dreams,” he wrote. “Regardless of the promises of developing multiple business lines, Tesla’s business remains concentrated in its auto segment.”

Finally, Trainer believes that with price cuts weighing on margins, and competition from legacy automakers heating up, Tesla’s current valuation just doesn’t make sense. “While Tesla is profitable, its profits are nowhere near the levels needed to justify its current valuation,” he explained.

Tesla currently trades at roughly 80 times forward earnings compared to just over 25 times forward earnings for tech companies within the S&P 500.

To determine a more accurate valuation for Tesla, Trainer and his team used a reverse discounted cash flow (DCF) model—a valuation method that estimates the level of future cash flows or profits that would be required to justify a company’s current stock price.

Using this model they found that Tesla would need to achieve a nearly unprecedented 129% return on invested capital (ROIC) and become more than twice as profitable as Apple by 2032 in order to justify its current share price.

For reference, Tesla’s trailing twelve month ROIC is just 24%, according to Morningstar data, and although the company earned a record profit of $12.6 billion last year, that was still dwarfed by Apple’s $99.8 billion profit.

“We aim to provide inarguably best-case scenarios for assessing the expectations for future market share and profits reflected in Tesla’s stock market valuation,” Trainer wrote. “Even doing so, we find that Tesla is significantly overvalued.”

The bull case

Of course, for every bear, there’s a bull—and Tesla has its fair share of bulls. Take Wedbush’s top tech analyst Dan Ives, for example. Ives saw Tesla’s second quarter earnings in a very different light than Trainer and the bears.

He argued in a Thursday note that Tesla’s gross margins, which Trainer fears will continue to fall, are in “stabilization mode,” Musk’s price cuts have helped boost demand for Tesla’s EVs, and the company’s full self-driving (FSD) A.I. technology and EV charging network will help boost profits for years to come.

“This is the ‘golden vision’ as Tesla is now monetizing its supercharger network with batteries and AI/FSD next adding to the sum-of-the-parts story for Tesla,” he wrote in a Thursday note, reiterating his buy-equivalent “outperform” rating and raising his 12-month price target from $300 to $350.

Ives’ comments echo those of Musk, who argued Thursday that recent price cuts are leading to “minor” and “short-term” variances in gross margin, but ultimately FSD will be the real money maker. “Autonomy will make all of these numbers look silly,” the billionaire said.

And while Trainer warned that Tesla would need to make nearly twice Apple’s current profits in order to justify its current valuation by 2032, Ives doesn’t see that as being so outlandish.

“In a nutshell, we view Tesla where Apple was in the 2008/2009 period as Cupertino was just starting to monetize its services and golden ecosystem with the Street not seeing the broader golden vision at the time,” he said. “We view this quarter as a major step in the right direction as Tesla is playing chess while others play checkers.”

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