全世界正在面臨一場數十年未見的能源危機。
今年2月爆發的俄烏沖突在全球市場引發了連鎖反應。曾經依賴俄羅斯能源的西方國家譴責俄羅斯的行為,拒絕購買俄羅斯的能源,或者被俄羅斯總統弗拉基米爾·普京停止供應。目前,俄羅斯是全球第二大天然氣生產國和第三大石油生產國。
而這場危機在歐洲表現的最為突出,也更加危險,因為歐洲一直依賴俄羅斯廉價天然氣的政策開始帶來反噬。在俄烏沖突爆發之初,歐盟(European Union)的27個成員國40%的天然氣供應依賴俄羅斯。天然氣是歐洲第二大最常用的能源,僅次于石油。
但現在,隨著俄羅斯限制供應,歐洲天然氣的基準價格在過去一年上漲了一倍以上,消費者和企業都苦不堪言。
許多地方的電費增加了兩倍。有些咖啡廳和餐廳的電費從一年前的每月2,000歐元增長到7,000歐元,一些主要行業為了節省電費,開始讓員工休假,并縮減開支。歐洲各地的情況非常糟糕,之前已經放棄化石能源和核電的政府,不得不重新啟用已經關閉的燃煤發電場和核電廠,并將電力公司國有化,以避免公司破產。
雖然現在的情況很糟糕,但對歐洲來說,更糟糕的情況還在后面。隨著冬季來臨,天然氣需求增長,專家們對《財富》雜志表示,歐盟的能源市場變得極其脆弱,面臨前所未有的危機。全球任何地區的能源需求即使出現最小幅度的上漲,都會導致歐洲整個制造業徹底關閉,給歐洲經濟帶來毀滅性打擊,后果包括失業潮、高物價和極有可能發生的社會動蕩,以及歐洲國家之間的分裂。
哥倫比亞大學(Columbia University)的全球能源政策中心(Center on Global Energy Policy)的研究員塔季揚娜·米特羅娃告訴《財富》雜志:“物價處在歷史最高水平。我們從未遇到過這種情況。未來會非常痛苦。”
努力為危機最好準備
在俄烏沖突剛爆發時,歐洲國家就開始想方設法保證其能源系統的安全,避免其受到俄羅斯天然氣供應中斷的影響。它們當時有兩個選擇:增加歐洲大陸的天然氣供應,或者減少需求。
首先,歐洲國家希望通過能源供給多元化,從供應端解決迫在眉睫的能源危機,并減少對俄羅斯能源的依賴。歐洲國家選擇了卡塔爾、美國和中亞國家,與這些國家簽署了天然氣和液化天然氣(LNG)貿易協議。液化天然氣更易于運輸,可以通過海路運輸,不必使用管道傳輸。
然而從供應側解決危機有一個問題,那就是時間。增加其他國家的天然氣供應,減少對俄羅斯的依賴,需要歐洲建設更多的管道,而進口液化天然氣意味著需要在歐洲專門建設能夠將液化天然氣再氣化的接收站,而這個建設過程可能需要兩至五年。
歐洲各國為了在短期內維持能源供應可用的手段僅此而已。能源咨詢公司Wood Mackenzie的研究分析師彭尼·利克對《財富》雜志表示,擴建天然氣基礎設施成本高昂,需要多年投資,而且可能要在明年夏天才可以初見成效?!敦敻弧冯s志采訪的其他四位專家稱,至少在2023年夏天之前,供應國對歐洲增加的天然氣輸送量,不太可能取代俄羅斯的天然氣。
隨著直接天然氣供應達到極限,歐洲的能源系統目前處在了危機的邊緣。這意味著,歐洲只剩下解決需求這個唯一現實的辦法。而據米特羅娃所言,控制需求的過程可能要采取一些痛苦的手段,例如強制節能,以及全民能源定量配給等。
米特羅娃說:“我擔心今年冬天唯一的解決方案是管理需求側。我認為采取某種形式的定量配給和天然氣需求限制措施,將不可避免。”
經濟下滑
德國、法國和西班牙等歐洲國家都在今年夏天批準了節能措施,以盡可能在冬季天氣變冷之前增加天然氣儲備。
但歐洲天然氣儲備的穩定性取決于相對溫暖的冬季,因為如果天氣寒冷,需求就有可能暴漲,超出歐洲天然氣儲備的供應極限。
歐洲政府已經開始執行節能和定量供給法律,比如晚上關閉交通信號燈和調低歷史建筑照明等。各國政府沒有命令消費者減少能源消費,但隨著冬季能源需求增長,它們可能不得不做出一些艱難的抉擇。
米特羅娃指出:“我們應該清楚,我們現在只能在各種糟糕的選項中做出選擇,目前沒有好的選項。”
通過定量供給或高價格減少天然氣需求,可能對歐洲社會產生長期影響,導致歐洲持續衰落,而且這種做法已經在某些行業和經濟體引發了動蕩。
米特羅娃表示,超過70%的歐洲化肥生產商已經停業,這些廠商需要的氨原料需要從天然氣生產過程中提取。能源成本暴漲已經迫使這些歐洲工廠和制造商減慢運營。
但最糟糕的情況是最依賴天然氣的歐洲制造業停工,包括玻璃生產商和鋼材公司等。
Wood Mackenzie公司的歐洲天然氣研究總監莫羅·查維斯告訴《財富》雜志:“未來幾周、幾個月乃至到2023年,我們會看到的一個大問題是,持續保持高位的天然氣和電力價格會如何對工業活動產生影響?!彼€表示,許多“更敏感的”行業可能因為能源價格,而在不久后被迫停工。
查維斯還稱,到目前為止,多數歐洲工廠只是削減了產能,并沒有完全停工。但如果工業工廠依賴天然氣發電,或者天然氣在其所在國家能源組合占更大的比重,那么難以承受的高成本就可能很快迫使這些工廠開始停工。
上周,歐洲最大的汽車廠商大眾公司(Volkswagen)表示,高電價可能迫使公司將產能,從德國、捷克共和國和斯洛伐克等高度依賴天然氣的國家,搬到西南歐國家,因為這些國家的能源供應更多樣化,并建有液化天然氣接收站。
新型能源危機
這場危機對歐洲來說無異于雪上加霜,因為在經歷過夏季的極端天氣和延誤行業運營的工人罷工之后,歐洲大陸的能源系統至今仍未恢復。在諸多挑戰的共同壓力下,歐洲可能面臨一場自20世紀70年代以來最嚴重的能源危機之一。
這已經導致普通歐洲人面臨高物價,企業減產,化肥業陷入衰退。但專家們表示,如果危機導致所有行業停工或搬遷,就可能引發持續更長時間的失業潮和經濟下滑。
專家們認為,這種結果可能持續到冬季結束以后。高盛集團(Goldman Sachs)的高級能源策略師薩曼莎·達特最近在一篇文章中寫道,削減工業產能會導致“經濟活力下降,失業率升高,甚至增加經濟衰退的可能性?!边@讓我們不由回想起20世紀70年代石油危機時期席卷整個歐洲的定量供給和失業潮。
過去幾個月,隨著全球需求增長,其他能源尤其是煤炭的價格也在上漲。夏季的極端天氣和干旱使歐洲的核電和水力發電出現嚴重問題,它們作為俄羅斯天然氣補充的能力遭到了質疑。
米特羅娃稱:“歐洲目前的情況非常棘手。我敢說這可能比20世紀70年代更加嚴重,畢竟當時所爆發的只是一場石油危機而已。現在,我們要面對的是石油、核能、水電和天然氣危機。”
能源咨詢公司Kpler的天然氣分析師蕾哈娜·拉西迪對《財富》雜志表示,歐洲所掌握的其他能源,使其在俄烏沖突爆發之后,立即采取能源多元化措施變得更容易。但隨著冬季越來越近,這些替代能源開始暴露出各種各樣的問題。
除了天然氣供應短缺,從今年12月開始,歐洲很快就會感受到俄羅斯石油禁令的影響。而且可能并不過度依賴天然氣的國家,依舊感受到了能源危機的影響。法國一直被認為是歐洲更穩定的能源供應國之一。法國約70%的電力來自核電,但到目前為止,為過冬而增加發電容量的工作,因為炎熱的天氣和工人罷工遲遲沒有進展。
而且歐洲的可再生能源電網并沒有為今年冬季的高需求做好準備,因此歐洲將面臨的可能是一場全方位的新能源危機,其嚴重程度將是前所未有的。
“蠻荒西部情境”
冬季的危機尚未來臨,但緊張的局面已經開始出現,導致各國領導人不得不做出艱難的抉擇。
國際能源署(International Energy Agency)的署長法提赫·比羅爾于上周接受《金融時報》(Financial Times)采訪時表示,如果局勢惡化,每個歐洲國家就都將進入“蠻荒西部”。
比羅爾認為,能源危機可能有兩個走向:“歐盟及其成員國團結一致,相互扶持,或者每個國家各自為戰?!?/p>
傳統歐盟盟友之間的裂痕已經開始顯現。今年8月,斯堪的納維亞的鄰國強烈批評挪威為保護本國消費者減少能源出口的決定。挪威是歐洲最主要的天然氣生產國之一。
如果電費上漲的同時發生失業潮和經濟衰退,那么危機就將導致人們走上街頭。
在德國、英國和捷克共和國等國家已經有國民因為電費上漲而舉行抗議。今年8月,德國總理奧拉夫·朔爾茨警告,高能源價格是“社會的火藥桶”。
米特羅娃指出:“我們預計會有大量示威抗議?!彼硎?,歐洲預計會爆發與“黃馬甲”運動類似的抗議活動。2018年,法國民眾抗議生活成本和電費上漲,爆發了“黃馬甲”運動。
米特羅娃說:“歐洲的政治家們必須為極其艱難的冬季做好準備?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W)
翻譯:劉進龍
審校:汪皓
全世界正在面臨一場數十年未見的能源危機。
今年2月爆發的俄烏沖突在全球市場引發了連鎖反應。曾經依賴俄羅斯能源的西方國家譴責俄羅斯的行為,拒絕購買俄羅斯的能源,或者被俄羅斯總統弗拉基米爾·普京停止供應。目前,俄羅斯是全球第二大天然氣生產國和第三大石油生產國。
而這場危機在歐洲表現的最為突出,也更加危險,因為歐洲一直依賴俄羅斯廉價天然氣的政策開始帶來反噬。在俄烏沖突爆發之初,歐盟(European Union)的27個成員國40%的天然氣供應依賴俄羅斯。天然氣是歐洲第二大最常用的能源,僅次于石油。
但現在,隨著俄羅斯限制供應,歐洲天然氣的基準價格在過去一年上漲了一倍以上,消費者和企業都苦不堪言。
許多地方的電費增加了兩倍。有些咖啡廳和餐廳的電費從一年前的每月2,000歐元增長到7,000歐元,一些主要行業為了節省電費,開始讓員工休假,并縮減開支。歐洲各地的情況非常糟糕,之前已經放棄化石能源和核電的政府,不得不重新啟用已經關閉的燃煤發電場和核電廠,并將電力公司國有化,以避免公司破產。
雖然現在的情況很糟糕,但對歐洲來說,更糟糕的情況還在后面。隨著冬季來臨,天然氣需求增長,專家們對《財富》雜志表示,歐盟的能源市場變得極其脆弱,面臨前所未有的危機。全球任何地區的能源需求即使出現最小幅度的上漲,都會導致歐洲整個制造業徹底關閉,給歐洲經濟帶來毀滅性打擊,后果包括失業潮、高物價和極有可能發生的社會動蕩,以及歐洲國家之間的分裂。
哥倫比亞大學(Columbia University)的全球能源政策中心(Center on Global Energy Policy)的研究員塔季揚娜·米特羅娃告訴《財富》雜志:“物價處在歷史最高水平。我們從未遇到過這種情況。未來會非常痛苦?!?/p>
努力為危機最好準備
在俄烏沖突剛爆發時,歐洲國家就開始想方設法保證其能源系統的安全,避免其受到俄羅斯天然氣供應中斷的影響。它們當時有兩個選擇:增加歐洲大陸的天然氣供應,或者減少需求。
首先,歐洲國家希望通過能源供給多元化,從供應端解決迫在眉睫的能源危機,并減少對俄羅斯能源的依賴。歐洲國家選擇了卡塔爾、美國和中亞國家,與這些國家簽署了天然氣和液化天然氣(LNG)貿易協議。液化天然氣更易于運輸,可以通過海路運輸,不必使用管道傳輸。
然而從供應側解決危機有一個問題,那就是時間。增加其他國家的天然氣供應,減少對俄羅斯的依賴,需要歐洲建設更多的管道,而進口液化天然氣意味著需要在歐洲專門建設能夠將液化天然氣再氣化的接收站,而這個建設過程可能需要兩至五年。
歐洲各國為了在短期內維持能源供應可用的手段僅此而已。能源咨詢公司Wood Mackenzie的研究分析師彭尼·利克對《財富》雜志表示,擴建天然氣基礎設施成本高昂,需要多年投資,而且可能要在明年夏天才可以初見成效?!敦敻弧冯s志采訪的其他四位專家稱,至少在2023年夏天之前,供應國對歐洲增加的天然氣輸送量,不太可能取代俄羅斯的天然氣。
隨著直接天然氣供應達到極限,歐洲的能源系統目前處在了危機的邊緣。這意味著,歐洲只剩下解決需求這個唯一現實的辦法。而據米特羅娃所言,控制需求的過程可能要采取一些痛苦的手段,例如強制節能,以及全民能源定量配給等。
米特羅娃說:“我擔心今年冬天唯一的解決方案是管理需求側。我認為采取某種形式的定量配給和天然氣需求限制措施,將不可避免?!?/p>
經濟下滑
德國、法國和西班牙等歐洲國家都在今年夏天批準了節能措施,以盡可能在冬季天氣變冷之前增加天然氣儲備。
但歐洲天然氣儲備的穩定性取決于相對溫暖的冬季,因為如果天氣寒冷,需求就有可能暴漲,超出歐洲天然氣儲備的供應極限。
歐洲政府已經開始執行節能和定量供給法律,比如晚上關閉交通信號燈和調低歷史建筑照明等。各國政府沒有命令消費者減少能源消費,但隨著冬季能源需求增長,它們可能不得不做出一些艱難的抉擇。
米特羅娃指出:“我們應該清楚,我們現在只能在各種糟糕的選項中做出選擇,目前沒有好的選項。”
通過定量供給或高價格減少天然氣需求,可能對歐洲社會產生長期影響,導致歐洲持續衰落,而且這種做法已經在某些行業和經濟體引發了動蕩。
米特羅娃表示,超過70%的歐洲化肥生產商已經停業,這些廠商需要的氨原料需要從天然氣生產過程中提取。能源成本暴漲已經迫使這些歐洲工廠和制造商減慢運營。
但最糟糕的情況是最依賴天然氣的歐洲制造業停工,包括玻璃生產商和鋼材公司等。
Wood Mackenzie公司的歐洲天然氣研究總監莫羅·查維斯告訴《財富》雜志:“未來幾周、幾個月乃至到2023年,我們會看到的一個大問題是,持續保持高位的天然氣和電力價格會如何對工業活動產生影響。”他還表示,許多“更敏感的”行業可能因為能源價格,而在不久后被迫停工。
查維斯還稱,到目前為止,多數歐洲工廠只是削減了產能,并沒有完全停工。但如果工業工廠依賴天然氣發電,或者天然氣在其所在國家能源組合占更大的比重,那么難以承受的高成本就可能很快迫使這些工廠開始停工。
上周,歐洲最大的汽車廠商大眾公司(Volkswagen)表示,高電價可能迫使公司將產能,從德國、捷克共和國和斯洛伐克等高度依賴天然氣的國家,搬到西南歐國家,因為這些國家的能源供應更多樣化,并建有液化天然氣接收站。
新型能源危機
這場危機對歐洲來說無異于雪上加霜,因為在經歷過夏季的極端天氣和延誤行業運營的工人罷工之后,歐洲大陸的能源系統至今仍未恢復。在諸多挑戰的共同壓力下,歐洲可能面臨一場自20世紀70年代以來最嚴重的能源危機之一。
這已經導致普通歐洲人面臨高物價,企業減產,化肥業陷入衰退。但專家們表示,如果危機導致所有行業停工或搬遷,就可能引發持續更長時間的失業潮和經濟下滑。
專家們認為,這種結果可能持續到冬季結束以后。高盛集團(Goldman Sachs)的高級能源策略師薩曼莎·達特最近在一篇文章中寫道,削減工業產能會導致“經濟活力下降,失業率升高,甚至增加經濟衰退的可能性。”這讓我們不由回想起20世紀70年代石油危機時期席卷整個歐洲的定量供給和失業潮。
過去幾個月,隨著全球需求增長,其他能源尤其是煤炭的價格也在上漲。夏季的極端天氣和干旱使歐洲的核電和水力發電出現嚴重問題,它們作為俄羅斯天然氣補充的能力遭到了質疑。
米特羅娃稱:“歐洲目前的情況非常棘手。我敢說這可能比20世紀70年代更加嚴重,畢竟當時所爆發的只是一場石油危機而已。現在,我們要面對的是石油、核能、水電和天然氣危機。”
能源咨詢公司Kpler的天然氣分析師蕾哈娜·拉西迪對《財富》雜志表示,歐洲所掌握的其他能源,使其在俄烏沖突爆發之后,立即采取能源多元化措施變得更容易。但隨著冬季越來越近,這些替代能源開始暴露出各種各樣的問題。
除了天然氣供應短缺,從今年12月開始,歐洲很快就會感受到俄羅斯石油禁令的影響。而且可能并不過度依賴天然氣的國家,依舊感受到了能源危機的影響。法國一直被認為是歐洲更穩定的能源供應國之一。法國約70%的電力來自核電,但到目前為止,為過冬而增加發電容量的工作,因為炎熱的天氣和工人罷工遲遲沒有進展。
而且歐洲的可再生能源電網并沒有為今年冬季的高需求做好準備,因此歐洲將面臨的可能是一場全方位的新能源危機,其嚴重程度將是前所未有的。
“蠻荒西部情境”
冬季的危機尚未來臨,但緊張的局面已經開始出現,導致各國領導人不得不做出艱難的抉擇。
國際能源署(International Energy Agency)的署長法提赫·比羅爾于上周接受《金融時報》(Financial Times)采訪時表示,如果局勢惡化,每個歐洲國家就都將進入“蠻荒西部”。
比羅爾認為,能源危機可能有兩個走向:“歐盟及其成員國團結一致,相互扶持,或者每個國家各自為戰?!?/p>
傳統歐盟盟友之間的裂痕已經開始顯現。今年8月,斯堪的納維亞的鄰國強烈批評挪威為保護本國消費者減少能源出口的決定。挪威是歐洲最主要的天然氣生產國之一。
如果電費上漲的同時發生失業潮和經濟衰退,那么危機就將導致人們走上街頭。
在德國、英國和捷克共和國等國家已經有國民因為電費上漲而舉行抗議。今年8月,德國總理奧拉夫·朔爾茨警告,高能源價格是“社會的火藥桶”。
米特羅娃指出:“我們預計會有大量示威抗議?!彼硎?,歐洲預計會爆發與“黃馬甲”運動類似的抗議活動。2018年,法國民眾抗議生活成本和電費上漲,爆發了“黃馬甲”運動。
米特羅娃說:“歐洲的政治家們必須為極其艱難的冬季做好準備?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W)
翻譯:劉進龍
審校:汪皓
An energy crisis the likes of which hasn’t been seen in decades is unfolding around the world.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February of this year created a ripple effect in global markets. Western nations that once relied on energy supplies from Russia—the world’s second largest natural gas producer and third largest petroleum producer—condemned the invasion by refusing to buy Russian energy, or were cut off by President Vladimir Putin.
Nowhere is this crisis more pronounced and more dangerous than in Europe, where a long-standing gambit on cheap Russian gas has backfired. At the onset of the war, the European Union’s 27 member nations relied on Russia for 40% of their natural gas—the second most?common energy source in Europe behind petroleum oil.
But now, with Russian supplies limited, the benchmark price of natural gas in Europe has more than doubled over the past year, and both consumers and corporations are getting hit hard.
Electricity bills have already tripled in many places. Some coffee shops and restaurants have seen monthly bills rise from €2,000 a year ago to €7,000 now, and major industries have started furloughing workers and cutting back on expenses due to high electrical bills. The situation is so dire that governments that previously renounced fossil fuels and nuclear power are desperately reopening shuttered coal plants and nuclear sites, and nationalizing utility companies to save them from going bankrupt.
But as bad as it is now, these might still be the good days for Europe. With winter and higher gas demand on the way, experts told Fortune that Europe’s energy market has never been more vulnerable. Even the slightest uptick in energy demand anywhere in the world could push entire sectors of Europe’s manufacturing industry to shut down entirely, devastating European economies with a wave of unemployment, high prices, and in all likelihood public unrest and divisions between European nations.
“Prices are at historically record levels. We have never ever seen anything actually like this,” Tatiana Mitrova, a research fellow with Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy, told Fortune. “This will become quite painful.”
Trying to prepare for a crisis
As soon as the war began in Ukraine, European nations scrambled to secure their energy systems against disruptions of natural gas supply from Russia. They had two options: increase supply of gas coming into the continent, or reduce the demand.
First, Europe turned to the supply side to resolve the mounting energy crisis by diversifying the countries that supply natural gas to the bloc, and reduce its reliance on Russian flows. EU countries looked to Qatar, the U.S., and central Asian nations to strike trade deals for both natural gas and LNG (liquified natural gas), a more easily transportable form of gas that can be shipped by sea rather than flowed through pipelines.
But trying to solve the crisis on the supply side comes with a catch: time. Increasing natural gas flows from countries other than Russia requires building more pipelines, while importing more LNG means constructing dedicated terminals in Europe that can regasify liquid gas, a process which can take anywhere from two to five years.
And there is only so much countries can do to shore up supplies in the short term. Expanding natural gas infrastructure is expensive, demands years of investment, and the results likely won’t kick in until the summer of next year, Penny Leake, a research analyst at energy consultancy Wood Mackenzie, told Fortune. Four other experts that Fortune spoke with said that until the summer of 2023 at least, suppliers are unlikely to be able to increase flows to Europe by a high enough volume to replace Russian gas.
With immediate supplies maxed out, Europe’s energy system is balanced on a ledge. That means that addressing demand is the only realistic measure left at Europe’s disposal. And that could come through painful means like mandated and widespread energy rationioning, according to Mitrova.
“I’m afraid that the only solution this winter will be on the demand side,” said Mitrova. “I think it will be quite difficult to avoid some sort of rationing and restrictions in gas demand.”
Economic spiral
European countries including Germany, France, and Spain approved energy conservation measures this summer in an effort to increase gas reserves as much as possible before the weather turns colder.
But the stability of Europe’s gas reserves depend on a relatively mild winter, because if it gets cold enough, it could send demand soaring higher than Europe’s reserves can handle.
European governments have already implemented some energy conservation and rationing laws, such as turning off traffic lights at night and dimming lighting on historic buildings. They have stopped short of ordering consumers to lower their energy use, but with energy demand much higher during the winter, they may be forced to make some difficult choices.
“We should understand that we are choosing between different bad options, we do not have a good scenario at the moment,” Mitrova said.
Reducing gas demand in Europe either through rationing or high prices could have a prolonged and debilitating effect on Europe’s society, and it’s already having destabilizing consequences for some industries and economies.
Over 70% of European fertilizer producers—which rely on the ammonia extracted from natural gas production—have already halted operations, according to Mitrova, and soaring energy costs are forcing those European factories and manufacturers to slow down operations.
But the worst-case scenario would be a shutdown of European manufacturing industries most reliant on natural gas—including glassmakers and steel companies.
“A big thing that we will be seeing in the next few weeks, months, and into 2023, will be how this situation of sustained very high gas and electricity prices could impact industrial activity,” Mauro Chavez, research director of European gas at Wood Mackenzie, told Fortune, adding that many of these “more sensitive” industries may be forced to shut down soon because of energy prices.
Chavez added that so far, most European factories have only reduced their capacity, rather than shut down entirely. But industrial plants that rely on natural gas for electricity or are located in countries where gas plays a bigger role in the energy mix, could start shutting down soon because of unbearably high costs.
Last week, Europe’s largest car company Volkswagen suggested that high electricity bills could lead the company to relocate its production capacity from countries that were highly-dependent on Russian gas—including Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia—to southwestern European nations which have access to more diversified energy streams, including LNG terminals.
A new type of energy crisis
The crisis could not have come at a worse time for Europe, as the continent’s energy system is still recovering from a summer of extreme weather and worker strikes slowing operations. Combined with these challenges, this crunch could be one of the worst energy crises on the continent since the 1970s.
It already means high prices for average Europeans, companies cutting back on production, and a slowdown in the fertilizer industry. But if it forces all kinds of industries to shut down or relocate, experts say it could lead to a much longer wave of unemployment and economic downturn on the continent.
That kind of outcome could persist long after winter is over, experts say. Cutting back on industrial capacity could lead to “lower economic activity, higher levels of unemployment and even greater potential for recession,” Goldman Sachs senior energy strategist Samantha Dart wrote in a recent post, evoking memories of the rationing and unemployment that swept the continent during the 1970s oil crisis.
The prices of other energy sources—especially coal—have also risen over the past several months with higher global demand for them. And a summer of extreme weather and drought has crippled Europe’s nuclear and hydropower generation capacity, throwing its ability to compensate for Russian natural gas into doubt.
“Europe is now in a very challenging situation. I would say it is probably worse than the 1970s when there was just an oil crisis. Now we are talking about a crisis with oil, nuclear, hydropower, and gas,” Mitrova said.
Diversifying away from natural gas immediately after the war broke out was made easier by several other energy sources at Europe’s disposal, Ryhana Rasidi, gas analyst at energy consultancy Kpler, told Fortune. But with winter on the way, these alternative sources are beginning to show issues of their own.
In addition to supply shortfalls for natural gas, Europe will soon start feeling the effects of a ban on Russian oil, set to kick in from December onwards. And European countries that may not have been extremely reliant on natural gas are still feeling the sting of an energy crisis. France, long considered one of Europe’s more stable energy suppliers, generates around 70% of its energy from nuclear sources, but efforts to increase power capacity in preparation for the winter have so far been hindered by hot weather and worker strikes.
Combined with a renewable energy grid unprepared for the weight of this winter’s demands, Europe’s new energy crisis promises to be unique in all the worst ways, on every front.
“Wild west scenario”
The brunt of winter has yet to hit, but tensions are already starting to emerge, leaving politicians with some tough choices.
If the situation deteriorates, every European country is in for a “wild west scenario,” Fatih Birol, head of the watchdog International Energy Agency, warned this week in an interview with the FT.
Birol said the energy crisis could go one of two ways: “EU and members will work in solidarity, supporting each other…or there is another scenario, if everybody is for himself.”
Cracks between traditional EU allies have already begun to show. In August, Scandinavian neighbors heavily criticized Norway—Europe’s leading domestic natural gas producer—for its decision to curb energy exports in an effort to protect Norwegian consumers.
And if rising electrical bills combine with a wave of unemployment and economic downturn, the crisis could spill out onto the streets.
In Germany, the U.K., the Czech Republic and elsewhere, citizens have already protested rising electricity bills. In August, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz warned that high energy bills were a “powder keg for society.”
“We can expect some protests,” Mitrova said, adding that Europe should anticipate movements similar to the Yellow Jacket protesters who emerged in France in 2018 protesting higher costs of living and electricity bills.
“European politicians have to prepare for a very difficult season,” she said.