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通脹日益嚴重,美國的快餐也不再便宜了

Will Daniel
2022-07-05

食品成本的上漲對消費者有毀滅性的影響,尤其是低收入者。

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2003年7月29日,位于美國加利福尼亞州雷德伍德城的一家麥當勞餐廳,服務員約瑟芬·埃爾南德斯將一托盤飲料遞給得來速顧客。圖片來源:JUSTIN SULLIVAN/GETTY IMAGES

歷史上,純美式快餐一直是“通脹殺手”。

1921年,第一家白色城堡(White Castle)餐廳開業,代表了快餐行業的誕生,到20世紀40年代初,麥當勞(McDonald’s)成立。餐飲行業的工業化使消費者價格逐年下降。

但在快餐業誕生一個多世紀之后,持續上漲的通脹讓人人都能夠消費得起的快餐,變得不再經濟實惠。

截至2022年4月,美國大約有61%的人口依靠薪水來維持生計,較前一年增長了超過9個百分點,成為一個嚴重的問題。

最近幾個月,在有關通貨膨脹的媒體報道中,經常會提到高企的住房成本和創紀錄的汽油價格,但食品成本的上漲卻對消費者有毀滅性的影響,尤其是低收入者。

今年5月,美國勞工部(Labor Department)報告稱,食品雜貨店的價格較上一年上漲11.9%,餐廳和快餐店的價格同期上漲了7.4%。這是美國自1981年以來最大幅度的總體食品價格上漲。

由于批發原材料成本上漲、持續人手不足和工資上漲等不利因素對盈利的影響,全美快餐企業一直在漲價。本文分析了廉價的快餐如何變成歷史。

轉嫁增加的成本:企業在營收電話會議中表達的觀點

在今年4月召開的第一季度電話會議中,麥當勞的首席財務官凱文·奧贊承認,為了應對高燃料、人工和糧食成本,該標志性連鎖餐廳今年進行了“戰略性漲價”。麥當勞在2021年已經漲價6%。

在電話會議上,分析師詢問奧贊是否擔心漲價后消費者的支付能力時,他表示與麥當勞相比,食品雜貨店的食品價格上漲速度更快,這讓他有更大的定價權。

他說:“這可能是我們小小的優勢。我們一直密切關注低端消費者,以確保我們可以繼續提供恰當的價值。”

不止麥當勞在將增加的成本轉嫁給消費者。2021年,Chipotle較前一年漲價約10%,2022年第一季度,再次漲價4%。

在4月26日召開的Chipotle第一季度營收電話會議上,首席執行官布萊恩·尼科洛稱:“我真心希望不必再采取更多漲價[措施]。好消息是,我們擁有漲價的定價權……我們發現[通貨膨脹]不會結束,因此我們不得已,只能調整價格。”

此外,溫蒂快餐廳(Wendy’s)的首席財務官岡瑟·普洛斯表示,為了維持利潤率,該快餐連鎖今年計劃漲價接近5%。

其他快餐公司為了跑贏通脹,選擇放棄低價菜單,或者提高某些主要單品的價格。達美樂比薩(Domino’s Pizza)在4月末召開的第一季度營收電話會議中指出,公司面臨“成本大幅上漲”,因此在12年來首次將5.99美元的自由搭配套餐價格提高到6.99美元。

整個快餐業成本都在持續上漲,但首席執行官們至少對公司目前轉嫁成本的能力充滿信心,這意味著未來快餐可能依舊昂貴。

數據研究公司M Science的行業分析師馬修·古德曼在今年6月告訴《紐約時報》(New York Times)稱:“近幾年,大多數快餐廳每年漲價的幅度都在較低的個位數。但過去六個多月,餐廳開始大幅漲價。”

但將增加的成本轉嫁給消費者并不能持久,尤其是當許多美國人開始縮減預算的時候。

摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)在6月24日至6月27日對2000多名消費者調查發現,大約三分之二的美國人計劃未來六個月減少支出,以應對通脹。這可能意味著,在今年的剩余時間里,部分消費者會開始避開價格更高的產品。

批發價格上漲和“長期存在的”人手不足問題

這對快餐企業而言是一則壞消息,因為投入成本依舊高居不下。今年5月,衡量企業批發價格的生產者價格指數(PPI)年增率達到10.8%,接近歷史紀錄。

這給快餐企業的預算帶來巨大壓力,但導致麥當勞等公司漲價的原因不只是肉類或土豆的成本上漲。

工資上漲和人手不足也產生了影響。據美國勞工統計局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)的數據顯示,美國快餐業工人的平均工資從2020年年初的15.49美元上漲到今年4月的18.30美元。

因此,溫蒂快餐廳的高管在5月表示,他們發現“勞動力通脹達到中兩位數甚至高兩位數”,而且許多公司面臨同樣的狀況。在整個快餐業,勞動力通脹對快餐連鎖產生了影響,招聘人手依舊是挑戰。

達美樂比薩的首席執行官里奇·阿利森在今年3月承認,在幾乎無法招到足夠人手的業績墊底的20%的店鋪中,同店銷售額下跌了7%。

保證人手充足變得極具挑戰,因此Checkers & Rally’s Restaurants的首席執行官弗朗西絲·艾倫指出,人手不足可能成為快餐業長期存在的特征之一。該公司在全美有850家快餐廳。

艾倫告訴彭博社(Bloomberg):“勞動力市場緊張。作為領導者,我們不得不為應對人手不足做好計劃。”他還表示,其餐廳正在進行自動化轉型,以減少員工流失和工資上漲的影響。(財富中文網)

譯者:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

歷史上,純美式快餐一直是“通脹殺手”。

1921年,第一家白色城堡(White Castle)餐廳開業,代表了快餐行業的誕生,到20世紀40年代初,麥當勞(McDonald’s)成立。餐飲行業的工業化使消費者價格逐年下降。

但在快餐業誕生一個多世紀之后,持續上漲的通脹讓人人都能夠消費得起的快餐,變得不再經濟實惠。

截至2022年4月,美國大約有61%的人口依靠薪水來維持生計,較前一年增長了超過9個百分點,成為一個嚴重的問題。

最近幾個月,在有關通貨膨脹的媒體報道中,經常會提到高企的住房成本和創紀錄的汽油價格,但食品成本的上漲卻對消費者有毀滅性的影響,尤其是低收入者。

今年5月,美國勞工部(Labor Department)報告稱,食品雜貨店的價格較上一年上漲11.9%,餐廳和快餐店的價格同期上漲了7.4%。這是美國自1981年以來最大幅度的總體食品價格上漲。

由于批發原材料成本上漲、持續人手不足和工資上漲等不利因素對盈利的影響,全美快餐企業一直在漲價。本文分析了廉價的快餐如何變成歷史。

轉嫁增加的成本:企業在營收電話會議中表達的觀點

在今年4月召開的第一季度電話會議中,麥當勞的首席財務官凱文·奧贊承認,為了應對高燃料、人工和糧食成本,該標志性連鎖餐廳今年進行了“戰略性漲價”。麥當勞在2021年已經漲價6%。

在電話會議上,分析師詢問奧贊是否擔心漲價后消費者的支付能力時,他表示與麥當勞相比,食品雜貨店的食品價格上漲速度更快,這讓他有更大的定價權。

他說:“這可能是我們小小的優勢。我們一直密切關注低端消費者,以確保我們可以繼續提供恰當的價值。”

不止麥當勞在將增加的成本轉嫁給消費者。2021年,Chipotle較前一年漲價約10%,2022年第一季度,再次漲價4%。

在4月26日召開的Chipotle第一季度營收電話會議上,首席執行官布萊恩·尼科洛稱:“我真心希望不必再采取更多漲價[措施]。好消息是,我們擁有漲價的定價權……我們發現[通貨膨脹]不會結束,因此我們不得已,只能調整價格。”

此外,溫蒂快餐廳(Wendy’s)的首席財務官岡瑟·普洛斯表示,為了維持利潤率,該快餐連鎖今年計劃漲價接近5%。

其他快餐公司為了跑贏通脹,選擇放棄低價菜單,或者提高某些主要單品的價格。達美樂比薩(Domino’s Pizza)在4月末召開的第一季度營收電話會議中指出,公司面臨“成本大幅上漲”,因此在12年來首次將5.99美元的自由搭配套餐價格提高到6.99美元。

整個快餐業成本都在持續上漲,但首席執行官們至少對公司目前轉嫁成本的能力充滿信心,這意味著未來快餐可能依舊昂貴。

數據研究公司M Science的行業分析師馬修·古德曼在今年6月告訴《紐約時報》(New York Times)稱:“近幾年,大多數快餐廳每年漲價的幅度都在較低的個位數。但過去六個多月,餐廳開始大幅漲價。”

但將增加的成本轉嫁給消費者并不能持久,尤其是當許多美國人開始縮減預算的時候。

摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)在6月24日至6月27日對2000多名消費者調查發現,大約三分之二的美國人計劃未來六個月減少支出,以應對通脹。這可能意味著,在今年的剩余時間里,部分消費者會開始避開價格更高的產品。

批發價格上漲和“長期存在的”人手不足問題

這對快餐企業而言是一則壞消息,因為投入成本依舊高居不下。今年5月,衡量企業批發價格的生產者價格指數(PPI)年增率達到10.8%,接近歷史紀錄。

這給快餐企業的預算帶來巨大壓力,但導致麥當勞等公司漲價的原因不只是肉類或土豆的成本上漲。

工資上漲和人手不足也產生了影響。據美國勞工統計局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)的數據顯示,美國快餐業工人的平均工資從2020年年初的15.49美元上漲到今年4月的18.30美元。

因此,溫蒂快餐廳的高管在5月表示,他們發現“勞動力通脹達到中兩位數甚至高兩位數”,而且許多公司面臨同樣的狀況。在整個快餐業,勞動力通脹對快餐連鎖產生了影響,招聘人手依舊是挑戰。

達美樂比薩的首席執行官里奇·阿利森在今年3月承認,在幾乎無法招到足夠人手的業績墊底的20%的店鋪中,同店銷售額下跌了7%。

保證人手充足變得極具挑戰,因此Checkers & Rally’s Restaurants的首席執行官弗朗西絲·艾倫指出,人手不足可能成為快餐業長期存在的特征之一。該公司在全美有850家快餐廳。

艾倫告訴彭博社(Bloomberg):“勞動力市場緊張。作為領導者,我們不得不為應對人手不足做好計劃。”他還表示,其餐廳正在進行自動化轉型,以減少員工流失和工資上漲的影響。(財富中文網)

譯者:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

The all-American genre of fast food has historically been an inflation killer.

Industrialization in the restaurant industry has lowered prices for consumers year after year ever since the first White Castle opened in 1921, signaling the beginning of the industry, and definitely since McDonald’s debuted in the early 1940s.

Now though, more than a century after fast food was born, raging inflation has made what was once an affordable option for everyone, considerably less so.

And with roughly 61% of Americans living paycheck to paycheck as of April 2022, a more than nine percentage point jump compared to a year ago, that’s a problem.

While sky-high housing costs and record gas prices have captured most of the inflation headlines in recent months, the rising cost of food can have a devastating impact on consumers, particularly those with lower incomes.

In May, the Labor Department reported that grocery store prices rose 11.9% over the past year, and at restaurants and fast-food locations outside the home, prices were up 7.4% over the same period. That amounts to the largest increase in overall food prices for Americans since 1981.

Fast-food companies around the nation have been raising prices as a toxic mix of inflated wholesale input costs, an ongoing labor shortage, and rising wages continue to hit their bottom lines. Here’s how cheap fast food became a thing of the past.

Passing on rising costs: what corporations say during earnings calls

In McDonald’s first-quarter conference call in April, CFO Kevin Ozan admitted that the iconic chain had issued “strategic price increases” this year to deal with high fuel, labor, and food costs. The move follows a 6% jump in prices at the burger chain in 2021.

When an analyst asked Ozan if he was worried about consumers’ ability to pay for the price hikes in the call, the CFO noted that food prices at grocery stores have been increasing at an even faster pace than in his restaurants, giving him more pricing power.

“So that's probably been a little benefit,” he said. “We are keeping certainly a close watch on lower-end consumers just to make sure that we're still providing the right value.”

McDonald’s isn’t alone when it comes to passing off higher costs to consumers. Chipotle hiked its prices roughly 10% in 2021 compared to the previous year, and in the first quarter of 2022, it tacked on another 4% increase.

“Gosh, I really hope we don’t have to take more pricing [measures],” CEO Brian Niccol said on the firm’s April 26 first-quarter conference call. “The good news is, we’ve got the pricing power to make a move…we saw [inflation] wasn’t going away, so we had to take the pricing action that we did.”

Elsewhere in the fast-food universe, Wendy’s CFO Gunther Plosch said the fast-food chain has instituted price hikes just shy of 5% this year to help maintain its margins.

Other fast-food companies have been getting rid of value menu deals or raising prices on certain key offerings to get ahead of inflation. Domino’s said in its late April first-quarter conference call that it is facing “significant cost inflation” and has increased the price of its $5.99 mix-and-match offer for the first time in over 12 years to $6.99.

No matter where you look in the fast-food business, costs are rising, but CEOs remain confident about their ability to pass on those costs, at least for now—which means fast-food will likely remain expensive moving forward.

"In recent years, most fast-food restaurants had, maybe, raised prices in the low single digits each year. What we've seen over the last six-plus months are restaurants being aggressive in pushing through price [increases],” Matthew Goodman, an industry analyst at the data research firm M Science, told The New York Times in June.

Still, passing on rising costs to consumers can only work for so long, especially when many Americans are beginning to tighten their budgets.

A Morgan Stanley survey of over 2,000 consumers, conducted from June 24 to 27, shows that some two-thirds of Americans are planning to reduce their spending over the next six months in response to inflation. That could mean that some consumers will begin to balk at higher prices through the remainder of the year.

Rising wholesale prices and a “permanent” labor shortage

That’s bad news for fast-food companies because input costs are still high. In May, the producer’s price index (PPI), which measures wholesale prices for businesses, rose at a near-record 10.8% annual rate.

That puts a huge strain on the budgets of fast-food companies, but it’s not just the rising cost of meat or potatoes that is causing price increases at the average McDonald’s.

Rising wages and a lack of adequate labor have also played a role. The average wage of a fast-food worker in the U.S. has jumped from $15.49 at the start of 2020 to $18.30 as of April of this year, BLS data shows.

As a result, Wendy’s execs said in May that they were seeing “labor inflation in the high-teens and mid-teens,” and they aren’t alone. Industry-wide, labor inflation has taken a toll on fast-food chains, and finding workers remains a challenge, too.

Domino’s CEO Ritch Allison admitted in March that his company’s same-store sales fell 7% in the bottom 20% of stores where adequate labor was nearly impossible to find.

Securing enough workers has become such a challenge that Frances Allen, the CEO of Checkers & Rally’s Restaurants, which operates 850 fast-food restaurants nationwide, said it may become a permanent feature of the industry.

“The labor market has shrunk. As leaders, we’ve got to actually plan for that shrinkage,” he told Bloomberg, adding that his restaurants are moving toward automation to reduce the impact of missing workers and rising wages.

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