,亚洲欧美日韩国产成人精品影院,亚洲国产欧美日韩精品一区二区三区,久久亚洲国产成人影院,久久国产成人亚洲精品影院老金,九九精品成人免费国产片,国产精品成人综合网,国产成人一区二区三区,国产成...

首頁 500強 活動 榜單 商業(yè) 科技 領導力 專題 品牌中心
雜志訂閱

比特幣能耗問題無解,可持續(xù)加密貨幣有望崛起

DECLAN HARTY
2021-09-30

幣圈正面臨對能耗的清算,這可能會為卡爾達諾(Cardano)、以太坊2.0和Chia等加密貨幣打開大門。

文本設置
小號
默認
大號
Plus(0條)

哈德森·詹姆森看透了。

作為龐大的加密貨幣界的一員,30歲的詹姆森早早就成為數(shù)字資產的持有者和追隨者。詹姆森于2011年首次購買比特幣,當時比特幣剛剛誕生兩年。他最近5年在以太坊基金會(Ethereum Foundation)工作,擔任過各種職務,之后還將繼續(xù)在該領域發(fā)展。然而,今年8月,他決定不再買入加密貨幣屆的龍頭貨幣比特幣。

當然,中本聰?shù)陌l(fā)明仍有可能徹底顛覆全球銀行體系,用一種去中心化的體系取而代之——但其他貨幣也同樣可以。詹姆森認為,比特幣對能量的消耗太大。于是他套現(xiàn)了,這是他十年來第一次清空比特幣。

目前負責Flashbots運營部門的詹姆森向《財富》雜志表示:“很明顯,比特幣如果不是忽視了環(huán)境問題,就是在為環(huán)境問題找借口。”

過去十幾年,加密貨幣社區(qū)基本上都伴隨著采礦設備震耳欲聾的聲音嗡嗡作響,比特幣的耗電量也和比特幣價格一起飆升。根據(jù)Digiconomist對比特幣能耗量的追蹤數(shù)據(jù),作為加密貨幣始祖,比特幣現(xiàn)在一年的耗電量與波蘭相當,碳足跡與阿曼相當。

最近,聯(lián)合國政府間氣候變化委員會已經宣布,極端天氣事件、食物短缺和動物滅絕將成為新常態(tài)的一部分,對比特幣耗能的擔憂終于引發(fā)了人們的討論。

今年5月,伊隆·馬斯克宣布,在比特幣變得更加環(huán)保之前,特斯拉不會接受比特幣作為支付方式,為重新審議比特幣的環(huán)保問題打下了基礎。馬薩諸塞州參議員伊麗莎白·沃倫之后也呼吁打擊“加密采礦造成環(huán)境資源浪費的做法”。當下,環(huán)境、社會和治理議題在華爾街持續(xù)升溫,隨著投資者對加密貨幣的研究加深,他們似乎準備提出更多問題。

“對于可持續(xù)和影響力投資者來說,它是貨幣中的煙草,”價值270億美元的家族理財公司Pathstone的首席影響官埃里卡·卡普在接受采訪時表示。“這是一種虛無主義的觀點,但這是事實。”

幣圈正面臨對能耗的清算,可能會為卡爾達諾(Cardano)、以太坊2.0和Chia等加密貨幣打開大門,這些貨幣將自己定位為更高效、更環(huán)保的比特幣替代品。

“加密技術將繼續(xù)存在——這一點毋庸置疑。它正在為企業(yè)和消費者帶來實實在在的好處,比如讓交易變得更快、更可靠、更便宜、也更透明。”RippleX總經理莫妮卡·朗在5月寫道。“但隨著行業(yè)不斷成熟,可持續(xù)發(fā)展必須成為核心關注點。”

問題在于比特幣區(qū)塊鏈內在的工作量證明結構。在某種程度上,正是這種開創(chuàng)性的想法使中本聰?shù)膭?chuàng)意變得獨特、安全、甚至成為現(xiàn)實。工作量證明機制意味著,礦工們每天沒日沒夜地進行數(shù)學計算,這些計算有助于建立網絡,同時保證網絡的安全,在每一場比賽中獲勝的礦工會在這個過程中獲得一些比特幣。這是一場規(guī)模游戲:礦工投入的計算資源越多,獲勝的可能性就越高。劍橋替代金融中心(Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance)表示,盡管大多比特幣礦機都使用可再生能源,但仍有很多礦工使用煤炭和天然氣。

在許多比特幣粉絲看來,這是必要的成本。比特幣致力于成為一種數(shù)字黃金,一種無需對任何單一管理機構負責、易于轉讓的全球貨幣。所以安全是最重要的,工作量證明機制是安全的基礎。“歸根到底是個權衡的問題,”劍橋替代金融中心數(shù)字資產主管米歇爾?勞赫斯表示。“這就是工作量證明的本質。要達到這種安全水平就需要大量電力。”

不過,卡爾達諾、波爾卡多特(Polkadot)、索拉納(Solana)等認為還有更好的出路。

使用一種稱為權益證明的共識機制,加密貨幣的區(qū)塊鏈可以通過個人或團體拿出平臺的本地貨幣塊來驗證交易,而無需依賴高能耗的挖掘計算(而且只有一小部分能成功)。因此,權益證明區(qū)塊鏈可以在復雜程度低得多的計算機系統(tǒng)上運行,更容易在不增加能源消耗量的情況下擴大交易量,減少對環(huán)境的影響。卡爾達諾創(chuàng)始人查爾斯·霍斯金森表示,旗下加密貨幣社區(qū)的一些成員已經能夠在樹莓派(Raspberry Pi)上創(chuàng)建質押池,而樹莓派是一款可以單手持握的單板計算機,售價35美元。

“我們啟動人類基因組計劃時,花了數(shù)十億美元才完成第一個人類基因組的測序。現(xiàn)在有一家叫Nebula的公司,只用300美元,就能提供你的整個基因組測序,”以太坊聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人霍斯金森向《財富》雜志表示。“得益于技術的發(fā)展,要達到和以前一樣的效果只需花費更少成本。幣圈也一樣。”

卡爾達諾推出于2017年,是今年增長最快的加密貨幣之一。其貨幣艾達幣(ADA)在2021年的CoinMarketCap的排名迅速上升,成為除比特幣及以太坊之外最大的數(shù)字資產,截至9月22日,已經比今年年初上漲了1100%。

卡爾達諾將自己定位為第三代加密貨幣:像比特幣一樣去中心化,具有以太坊的智能合約功能,更關鍵的是,可以擴展。霍斯金森的挖幣生涯始于2011年的一臺臺式電腦,他創(chuàng)造卡爾達諾可能是為了一個更大的目標,而不只是成為一個綠色加密貨幣,他說,生態(tài)可持續(xù)性一直是計算的一部分。

索拉納和波爾卡多特使用類似的權益證明作為他們的基礎協(xié)議,不過都添加了額外的系統(tǒng)。例如,索拉納同時使用歷史證明協(xié)議,稱該協(xié)議有助于驗證區(qū)塊鏈上的順序和時間。與此同時,波爾卡多特使用了傳統(tǒng)權益證明協(xié)議的一種變體,稱為指定權益證明。

以太坊的發(fā)明者維塔利克·布特林是權益證明環(huán)保理念的最大支持者之一。作為世界第二大加密貨幣,以太坊正準備在2022年初從工作量證明模式轉為權益證明模式,布特林表示,此舉可能會使以太坊的能源消耗減少99%以上。

“現(xiàn)在,作為加密貨幣,為了被認真對待,或者為了今后10年的存活,需要靈活和創(chuàng)新。”詹姆森說,“已經在這么做的加密貨幣要么正在研究,要么在積極實施其他替代性的共識機制,避免像比特幣一樣耗電。”

權益證明也吸引了注重可持續(xù)性的加密項目的注意。BitGreen正在計劃創(chuàng)建一個影響力投資市場,可以將“鏈下”世界的綠色基礎設施項目與加密投資者連接起來。BitGreen首席執(zhí)行官亞當?卡弗向《財富》雜志表示,為了實現(xiàn)這一目標,該公司正尋求依托波爾卡多特的網絡進行建設。

卡弗稱,"我們要像Robinhood為股市所做的那樣,為數(shù)百萬想把自己的可投資收入投入與其價值相符的投資機會并獲得市場回報的人創(chuàng)造這樣的機會。"

不過,作為一種共識機制,權益證明機制還相對未經過考驗。盡管其歷史可以追溯到2012年,不是什么新鮮事物,而且如今已成為第二大共識機制,但加起來,使用這種機制的加密貨幣只相當于比特幣的一小部分。截至8月24日,排名前60位的使用權益證明機制的加密貨幣的總市值僅為2000億美元左右。相比之下,比特幣的市值超過了9000億美元。整個加密市場的規(guī)模約為2萬億美元。

還有其他問題。在CoinDesk研究分析師克里斯汀·金看來,共識機制對環(huán)境的好處是顯而易見的。但金指出,投資者應該多問問題,比如這種加密貨幣是否在履行自己關于生態(tài)足跡的承諾。

“如果一輛車能耗能減少99%,卻打不著火或轉不了彎,你絕對不會買。”金在接受《財富》雜志采訪時表示,“節(jié)能汽車的關鍵點在于,首先它是一輛很不錯的汽車,同時它的能耗也不高。”

在Chia的創(chuàng)始人兼首席執(zhí)行官布拉姆?科恩看來,權益證明機制算不上去中心化,因為驗證者可以聯(lián)合起來發(fā)起攻擊,從而接管網絡,雖然這意味著他們要冒著失去所有幣的風險。

BitTorrent創(chuàng)始人轉向了一個全新的方向,采用了一種被稱為空間證明和時間證明的共識協(xié)議。該機制仍然遵守比特幣2009白皮書中提出的中本聰共識,但依賴的是存儲空間,而不是計算能力。

它的工作原理如下:Chia網絡上所謂的“農民”(farmer)將硬盤上未使用的空間分配給軟件,這些軟件會在硬盤上放入混合的加密數(shù)字,即Chia所謂的“地塊”(“plots”)。然后,當Chia區(qū)塊鏈顯示需要一個新區(qū)塊時,農民可以檢查他們是否有一個與挑戰(zhàn)非常相似的地塊。玩家每完成一個驗證區(qū)塊,即由驗證區(qū)塊的時間領主(Timelords)獎勵一個XCH代幣。科恩解釋說,如果說比特幣礦工在印彩票,那么Chia的時空證明模型就類似于賓戈卡。

“我們的想法是避免毫無意義的電力燃燒。”科恩在接受《財富》雜志采訪時表示,“現(xiàn)在很難做到,因為需要一些資源來推動區(qū)塊鏈前進。如果存在這樣一種資源,它就叫做存儲空間。”

現(xiàn)在還很難斷定空間證明、時間證明或其他共識機制是否能打敗工作量證明機制、成為加密貨幣行業(yè)的未來。但投資者已經開始下注了,雖然可持續(xù)性并非其中的驅動因素。

邁克爾是一位來自佛羅里達州的投資者,他在Reddit上很活躍,自2018年以來,艾達幣(ADA)一直是他的首選。邁克爾(要求《財富》雜志不要透露他的姓氏)被其以研究為基礎的結構所吸引,一直在投資艾達幣,不斷提高自己的頭寸。“吸引人們進入幣圈的頭號因素是錢。”他說,“每個人都想賺錢。”

當邁克爾第一次買艾達幣時,可持續(xù)性并不在考慮范圍內,他擔心未來幾年,可持續(xù)性將成為幣圈的“流行詞”。不過,他意識到,如果加密貨幣要成為未來的貨幣,他們可能需要考慮環(huán)境問題:“你不能用不可持續(xù)的幣種來運行全球金融操作系統(tǒng)。”(財富中文網))

譯者:Agatha

哈德森·詹姆森看透了。

作為龐大的加密貨幣界的一員,30歲的詹姆森早早就成為數(shù)字資產的持有者和追隨者。詹姆森于2011年首次購買比特幣,當時比特幣剛剛誕生兩年。他最近5年在以太坊基金會(Ethereum Foundation)工作,擔任過各種職務,之后還將繼續(xù)在該領域發(fā)展。然而,今年8月,他決定不再買入加密貨幣屆的龍頭貨幣比特幣。

當然,中本聰?shù)陌l(fā)明仍有可能徹底顛覆全球銀行體系,用一種去中心化的體系取而代之——但其他貨幣也同樣可以。詹姆森認為,比特幣對能量的消耗太大。于是他套現(xiàn)了,這是他十年來第一次清空比特幣。

目前負責Flashbots運營部門的詹姆森向《財富》雜志表示:“很明顯,比特幣如果不是忽視了環(huán)境問題,就是在為環(huán)境問題找借口。”

過去十幾年,加密貨幣社區(qū)基本上都伴隨著采礦設備震耳欲聾的聲音嗡嗡作響,比特幣的耗電量也和比特幣價格一起飆升。根據(jù)Digiconomist對比特幣能耗量的追蹤數(shù)據(jù),作為加密貨幣始祖,比特幣現(xiàn)在一年的耗電量與波蘭相當,碳足跡與阿曼相當。

最近,聯(lián)合國政府間氣候變化委員會已經宣布,極端天氣事件、食物短缺和動物滅絕將成為新常態(tài)的一部分,對比特幣耗能的擔憂終于引發(fā)了人們的討論。

今年5月,伊隆·馬斯克宣布,在比特幣變得更加環(huán)保之前,特斯拉不會接受比特幣作為支付方式,為重新審議比特幣的環(huán)保問題打下了基礎。馬薩諸塞州參議員伊麗莎白·沃倫之后也呼吁打擊“加密采礦造成環(huán)境資源浪費的做法”。當下,環(huán)境、社會和治理議題在華爾街持續(xù)升溫,隨著投資者對加密貨幣的研究加深,他們似乎準備提出更多問題。

“對于可持續(xù)和影響力投資者來說,它是貨幣中的煙草,”價值270億美元的家族理財公司Pathstone的首席影響官埃里卡·卡普在接受采訪時表示。“這是一種虛無主義的觀點,但這是事實。”

幣圈正面臨對能耗的清算,可能會為卡爾達諾(Cardano)、以太坊2.0和Chia等加密貨幣打開大門,這些貨幣將自己定位為更高效、更環(huán)保的比特幣替代品。

“加密技術將繼續(xù)存在——這一點毋庸置疑。它正在為企業(yè)和消費者帶來實實在在的好處,比如讓交易變得更快、更可靠、更便宜、也更透明。”RippleX總經理莫妮卡·朗在5月寫道。“但隨著行業(yè)不斷成熟,可持續(xù)發(fā)展必須成為核心關注點。”

問題在于比特幣區(qū)塊鏈內在的工作量證明結構。在某種程度上,正是這種開創(chuàng)性的想法使中本聰?shù)膭?chuàng)意變得獨特、安全、甚至成為現(xiàn)實。工作量證明機制意味著,礦工們每天沒日沒夜地進行數(shù)學計算,這些計算有助于建立網絡,同時保證網絡的安全,在每一場比賽中獲勝的礦工會在這個過程中獲得一些比特幣。這是一場規(guī)模游戲:礦工投入的計算資源越多,獲勝的可能性就越高。劍橋替代金融中心(Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance)表示,盡管大多比特幣礦機都使用可再生能源,但仍有很多礦工使用煤炭和天然氣。

在許多比特幣粉絲看來,這是必要的成本。比特幣致力于成為一種數(shù)字黃金,一種無需對任何單一管理機構負責、易于轉讓的全球貨幣。所以安全是最重要的,工作量證明機制是安全的基礎。“歸根到底是個權衡的問題,”劍橋替代金融中心數(shù)字資產主管米歇爾?勞赫斯表示。“這就是工作量證明的本質。要達到這種安全水平就需要大量電力。”

不過,卡爾達諾、波爾卡多特(Polkadot)、索拉納(Solana)等認為還有更好的出路。

使用一種稱為權益證明的共識機制,加密貨幣的區(qū)塊鏈可以通過個人或團體拿出平臺的本地貨幣塊來驗證交易,而無需依賴高能耗的挖掘計算(而且只有一小部分能成功)。因此,權益證明區(qū)塊鏈可以在復雜程度低得多的計算機系統(tǒng)上運行,更容易在不增加能源消耗量的情況下擴大交易量,減少對環(huán)境的影響。卡爾達諾創(chuàng)始人查爾斯·霍斯金森表示,旗下加密貨幣社區(qū)的一些成員已經能夠在樹莓派(Raspberry Pi)上創(chuàng)建質押池,而樹莓派是一款可以單手持握的單板計算機,售價35美元。

“我們啟動人類基因組計劃時,花了數(shù)十億美元才完成第一個人類基因組的測序。現(xiàn)在有一家叫Nebula的公司,只用300美元,就能提供你的整個基因組測序,”以太坊聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人霍斯金森向《財富》雜志表示。“得益于技術的發(fā)展,要達到和以前一樣的效果只需花費更少成本。幣圈也一樣。”

卡爾達諾推出于2017年,是今年增長最快的加密貨幣之一。其貨幣艾達幣(ADA)在2021年的CoinMarketCap的排名迅速上升,成為除比特幣及以太坊之外最大的數(shù)字資產,截至9月22日,已經比今年年初上漲了1100%。

卡爾達諾將自己定位為第三代加密貨幣:像比特幣一樣去中心化,具有以太坊的智能合約功能,更關鍵的是,可以擴展。霍斯金森的挖幣生涯始于2011年的一臺臺式電腦,他創(chuàng)造卡爾達諾可能是為了一個更大的目標,而不只是成為一個綠色加密貨幣,他說,生態(tài)可持續(xù)性一直是計算的一部分。

索拉納和波爾卡多特使用類似的權益證明作為他們的基礎協(xié)議,不過都添加了額外的系統(tǒng)。例如,索拉納同時使用歷史證明協(xié)議,稱該協(xié)議有助于驗證區(qū)塊鏈上的順序和時間。與此同時,波爾卡多特使用了傳統(tǒng)權益證明協(xié)議的一種變體,稱為指定權益證明。

以太坊的發(fā)明者維塔利克·布特林是權益證明環(huán)保理念的最大支持者之一。作為世界第二大加密貨幣,以太坊正準備在2022年初從工作量證明模式轉為權益證明模式,布特林表示,此舉可能會使以太坊的能源消耗減少99%以上。

“現(xiàn)在,作為加密貨幣,為了被認真對待,或者為了今后10年的存活,需要靈活和創(chuàng)新。”詹姆森說,“已經在這么做的加密貨幣要么正在研究,要么在積極實施其他替代性的共識機制,避免像比特幣一樣耗電。”

權益證明也吸引了注重可持續(xù)性的加密項目的注意。BitGreen正在計劃創(chuàng)建一個影響力投資市場,可以將“鏈下”世界的綠色基礎設施項目與加密投資者連接起來。BitGreen首席執(zhí)行官亞當?卡弗向《財富》雜志表示,為了實現(xiàn)這一目標,該公司正尋求依托波爾卡多特的網絡進行建設。

卡弗稱,"我們要像Robinhood為股市所做的那樣,為數(shù)百萬想把自己的可投資收入投入與其價值相符的投資機會并獲得市場回報的人創(chuàng)造這樣的機會。"

不過,作為一種共識機制,權益證明機制還相對未經過考驗。盡管其歷史可以追溯到2012年,不是什么新鮮事物,而且如今已成為第二大共識機制,但加起來,使用這種機制的加密貨幣只相當于比特幣的一小部分。截至8月24日,排名前60位的使用權益證明機制的加密貨幣的總市值僅為2000億美元左右。相比之下,比特幣的市值超過了9000億美元。整個加密市場的規(guī)模約為2萬億美元。

還有其他問題。在CoinDesk研究分析師克里斯汀·金看來,共識機制對環(huán)境的好處是顯而易見的。但金指出,投資者應該多問問題,比如這種加密貨幣是否在履行自己關于生態(tài)足跡的承諾。

“如果一輛車能耗能減少99%,卻打不著火或轉不了彎,你絕對不會買。”金在接受《財富》雜志采訪時表示,“節(jié)能汽車的關鍵點在于,首先它是一輛很不錯的汽車,同時它的能耗也不高。”

在Chia的創(chuàng)始人兼首席執(zhí)行官布拉姆?科恩看來,權益證明機制算不上去中心化,因為驗證者可以聯(lián)合起來發(fā)起攻擊,從而接管網絡,雖然這意味著他們要冒著失去所有幣的風險。

BitTorrent創(chuàng)始人轉向了一個全新的方向,采用了一種被稱為空間證明和時間證明的共識協(xié)議。該機制仍然遵守比特幣2009白皮書中提出的中本聰共識,但依賴的是存儲空間,而不是計算能力。

它的工作原理如下:Chia網絡上所謂的“農民”(farmer)將硬盤上未使用的空間分配給軟件,這些軟件會在硬盤上放入混合的加密數(shù)字,即Chia所謂的“地塊”(“plots”)。然后,當Chia區(qū)塊鏈顯示需要一個新區(qū)塊時,農民可以檢查他們是否有一個與挑戰(zhàn)非常相似的地塊。玩家每完成一個驗證區(qū)塊,即由驗證區(qū)塊的時間領主(Timelords)獎勵一個XCH代幣。科恩解釋說,如果說比特幣礦工在印彩票,那么Chia的時空證明模型就類似于賓戈卡。

“我們的想法是避免毫無意義的電力燃燒。”科恩在接受《財富》雜志采訪時表示,“現(xiàn)在很難做到,因為需要一些資源來推動區(qū)塊鏈前進。如果存在這樣一種資源,它就叫做存儲空間。”

現(xiàn)在還很難斷定空間證明、時間證明或其他共識機制是否能打敗工作量證明機制、成為加密貨幣行業(yè)的未來。但投資者已經開始下注了,雖然可持續(xù)性并非其中的驅動因素。

邁克爾是一位來自佛羅里達州的投資者,他在Reddit上很活躍,自2018年以來,艾達幣(ADA)一直是他的首選。邁克爾(要求《財富》雜志不要透露他的姓氏)被其以研究為基礎的結構所吸引,一直在投資艾達幣,不斷提高自己的頭寸。“吸引人們進入幣圈的頭號因素是錢。”他說,“每個人都想賺錢。”

當邁克爾第一次買艾達幣時,可持續(xù)性并不在考慮范圍內,他擔心未來幾年,可持續(xù)性將成為幣圈的“流行詞”。不過,他意識到,如果加密貨幣要成為未來的貨幣,他們可能需要考慮環(huán)境問題:“你不能用不可持續(xù)的幣種來運行全球金融操作系統(tǒng)。”(財富中文網))

譯者:Agatha

Hudson Jameson had seen enough.

A member of the sprawling cryptoverse, the 30-year-old had been an early adopter of and believer in digital assets. Jameson first bought Bitcoin in 2011, just two years after its creation. He would go on to make his career in the field, having recently spent five years working at the Ethereum Foundation in various roles. And then, in August, he decided he could no longer subscribe to the cardinal cryptocurrency that is Bitcoin.

Sure, Satoshi Nakamoto’s invention still has the potential to completely upend the global banking system in favor of a decentralized one—but so too do others. The costs of the ravenous levels of energy needed to sustain Bitcoin had become too high, Jameson reasoned. So he cashed out, making him Bitcoin-less for the first time in a decade.

“It’s becoming pretty clear that Bitcoin is either ignoring or making excuses for the environmental issues it’s having,” Jameson, who now heads up operations at Flashbots, told Fortune.

Over the past dozen years, the cryptocurrency community has largely hummed along to the deafening sounds of mining rigs while Bitcoin’s energy usage has ballooned along with its price. The original cryptocurrency now uses about the same amount of electricity in a year as Poland, with a carbon footprint comparable to that of Oman, according to Digiconomist, which tracks Bitcoin’s energy consumption.

At a time when the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is declaring that extreme weather events, food shortages, and animal extinctions will be a part of society’s new reality, concern about the amount of energy required to power Bitcoin has finally reached the national dialogue.

Elon Musk set the stage for renewed scrutiny in May by declaring that Tesla would not accept Bitcoin as payment until it is greener. Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts has since called for a crackdown on “environmentally wasteful crypto mining practices.” And Wall Street, where the environmental, social, and governance phenomenon continues to gain steam, seems primed to raise more questions as it dips further into crypto.

“For sustainable and impact investors, it is the tobacco of currencies,” said Erika Karp, chief impact officer at $27 billion family office Pathstone, of crypto in an interview. “That’s kind of a nihilistic view, but that’s the reality.”

The world of digital assets is facing a reckoning over its energy consumption today—possibly opening the door for cryptocurrencies like Cardano, Ethereum 2.0, and Chia that have positioned themselves as more efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to Bitcoin.

“Crypto is here to stay—this point is no longer up for debate. It is creating real-world benefits for businesses and consumers alike—benefits like faster, more reliable, and cheaper transactions with greater transparency than ever before,” RippleX general manager Monica Long wrote in May. “But as the industry matures, sustainability must be at the center.”

At issue is the proof-of-work structure that the Bitcoin blockchain was built with, which in some ways was the pioneering idea that helped make Nakamoto’s creation unique, secure, and even possible. Proof of work relies on miners racing all day every day to solve mathematical computations that help build the network while keeping it secure, with the winning miners in each of those races earning some Bitcoin in the process. It is a game of scale: The more computing resources a miner puts toward solving those computations, the higher the likelihood they win. And while renewable energy sources are most commonly used to power Bitcoin mining rigs, there are still a good deal of miners relying on coal and natural gas, according to the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance.

It’s a necessary cost in the eyes of many Bitcoin fans. Bitcoin is vying to become a type of digital gold, an easily transferable global currency that does not answer to any single governing body. So security is paramount, and proof of work provides just that. “It’s all a matter of tradeoffs,” said Michel Rauchs, digital assets lead at the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance. “It’s the very nature of proof of work. It requires a lot of electricity to achieve that level of security.”

Cardano, Polkadot, Solana, and others think there’s a better way forward, though.

Using a consensus mechanism known as proof of stake, the cryptocurrencies’ blockchains rely on individuals or groups putting up chunks of a platform’s native currency to validate transactions, rather than relying on energy-sucking mining computations (only a fraction of which are successful). Proof-of-stake blockchains can, as a result, run on vastly less sophisticated computer systems, making it easier to scale the volume of transactions without increasing the energy usage, and, therefore, the environmental footprint. Cardano founder Charles Hoskinson says some members of the cryptocurrency’s community have been able to create stake pools on a Raspberry Pi, a single-board computer that fits in your hand and costs $35.

“When we did the Human Genome Project, it cost billions of dollars to sequence the first human genome. Now there’s a company called Nebula, and for $300 they’ll sequence your entire genome,” Hoskinson, an Ethereum cofounder, told Fortune. “Technology allows you to have cost reductions to achieve the same ends that you did before. And it’s the same situation here.”

Launched in 2017, Cardano has been one of the fastest-growing cryptocurrencies this year. Its coin, ADA, has catapulted up the CoinMarketCap rankings in 2021 to become the largest digital asset not named Bitcoin or Ethereum, having risen more than 1,100% since the start of the year, as of Sept. 22.

Cardano bills itself as a third-generation cryptocurrency: one that is decentralized like Bitcoin, has the smart contract capabilities of Ethereum, and, critically, can scale. And while Hoskinson, who started mining Bitcoin from a desktop computer in 2011, may have created Cardano for a much larger purpose than being a green crypto, ecological sustainability was always a part of the calculus, he said.

Solana and Polkadot similarly use proof of stake as their base protocols, though both have added additional systems on top of those. Solana, for example, also uses a proof-of-history protocol that it says helps verify the order and time on its blockchain. Polkadot, meanwhile, uses a variant of the traditional proof-of-stake protocol known as nominated proof of stake.

One of the biggest proponents of proof of stake’s environmental friendliness has been Ethereum inventor Vitalik Buterin. The world’s second-largest cryptocurrency, Ethereum is currently gearing up to switch from a proof-of-work model to proof of stake in early 2022, a move that Buterin has said could cut Ethereum’s energy consumption by more than 99%.

“At this point, in order to be taken seriously as a cryptocurrency or to have a chance of surviving the next 10 years, you need to be able to be flexible and innovative,” Jameson said. “Coins that are doing that are either looking into or actively implementing alternative consensus mechanisms that do not use as much electricity as Bitcoin does.”

Proof of stake is grabbing the attention of sustainability-minded crypto projects, too. BitGreen is looking to possibly create an impact investing market that could connect the “off chain” world of green infrastructure projects with crypto investors. To do that, BitGreen is looking to build on the Polkadot network, its CEO Adam Carver told Fortune.

“We will do for sustainability what Robinhood did for equities in that we will create access for millions of people who want to put their own discretionary investment income into investment opportunities that have a market rate of return and that align with their values,” Carver said.

It is still relatively untested as a consensus mechanism, though. While not new, as its roots trace back to 2012, proof of stake is now the second-largest consensus mechanism. But combined, the cryptocurrencies using it represent only a fraction of Bitcoin’s size. A group of the top 60 proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies held a combined market capitalization of just about $200 billion as of Aug. 24. Bitcoin, by comparison, commands a market cap in excess of $900 billion. The entire crypto market is at around $2 trillion.

And there are questions about proof of stake. In the eyes of Christine Kim, a research analyst at CoinDesk, the environmental benefits of the consensus mechanism are clear. But investors, Kim noted, should be asking as many questions about whether such proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies are doing what they say they will do about their ecological footprint.

“You would never buy a car just because it uses 99% less energy, but the car itself can’t start or make turns,” Kim told Fortune. “The point of building an energy-efficient car is that it’s a great car, but, at the same time, it doesn’t use as much energy.”

Chia founder and CEO Bram Cohen takes issue with the notion that proof of stake is decentralized, as validators could band together and mount an attack to take over a network, even if they risk losing out on the coins they staked to do so.

The BitTorrent founder has instead moved in an entirely new direction with a consensus protocol called proof of space and time. The mechanism still abides by the Nakamoto consensus laid out in the Bitcoin 2009 white paper, but relies on storage space rather than computing power.

Here’s how it works: The so-called farmers on the Chia network allocate unused space on a hard drive for software that puts a mix of cryptographic numbers on the drive in what Chia calls “plots.” Then, when the Chia blockchain indicates a new block is needed, farmers can check if they have a plot closely resembling the challenge. Farmers are rewarded with an XCH token for each verified block they complete by what are known as Timelords, who verify the blocks. So if Bitcoin miners are printing lottery tickets, Cohen explained, Chia’s proof-of-space-and-time model revolves around bingo cards.

“The idea is to get away from the burning of electricity [that’s] doing nothing whatsoever,” Cohen told Fortune. “Now, that’s difficult to do because some resource needs to go into moving the blockchain forward. And such a resource does it exist, it’s called storage space.”

Whether proof of space, time, or some other consensus mechanism beats out proof of work as the cryptocurrency industry’s future is impossible to know today. But investors are already starting to place their bets, even if sustainability is not the driving factor.

For Michael, a Florida-based investor who is active on Reddit, Cardano has been his coin of choice since 2018. Drawn to it by its research-backed structure, Michael, who asked Fortune not to use his last name, has been staking his ADA coins and growing his position that way: “The No. 1 thing that’s going to bring people to crypto is money,” he said. “Everyone wants to make a buck.”

Sustainability was not a factor when Michael first bought in, and he worries that it is going to become “a buzzword” for the cryptocurrency space in the coming years. He realizes, though, that if cryptocurrencies are going to be the money of the future, they likely need to keep the environment in mind: “You can’t run the world’s financial operating system on a token that isn’t sustainable.”

0條Plus
精彩評論
評論

撰寫或查看更多評論

請打開財富Plus APP

前往打開