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穩(wěn)定幣正迅速取代比特幣和以太幣,具有“保值功能”

Rey Mashayekhi
2021-08-18

穩(wěn)定幣不會像比特幣、以太幣和狗狗幣等知名代幣一樣出現(xiàn)巨大的價格波動。

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加密貨幣的興起誕生了一系列新術(shù)語,比如非同質(zhì)化代幣(NFT)、去中心化金融(DeFi)等。

本文要談?wù)摰氖欠€(wěn)定幣(stablecoins)。這種加密貨幣逐漸獲得希望投資加密貨幣的投資者和公司的歡迎。其中一個原因是穩(wěn)定幣不會像比特幣(Bitcoin)、以太幣(Ethereum)和狗狗幣(Dogecoin)等知名代幣一樣出現(xiàn)巨大的價格波動。

因此,穩(wěn)定幣市場迅速增長。截至今年5月,穩(wěn)定幣的總供應(yīng)量從一年前的約100億美元,增加到超過1,000億美元。

今年7月,美國財政部部長珍妮特?耶倫召開的一次會議,成為穩(wěn)定幣市場的轉(zhuǎn)折點。此次會議召集高層經(jīng)濟政策制定者,包括美聯(lián)儲(Federal Reserve)主席杰羅姆?鮑威爾和美國證券交易委員會(Securities and Exchange Commission)主席加里?根斯勒等,共同討論了穩(wěn)定幣的“快速增長”和“潛在應(yīng)用”。

到底什么是穩(wěn)定幣?穩(wěn)定幣與常見的加密貨幣有哪些區(qū)別?為什么人們會對穩(wěn)定幣感興趣?以下是投資者需要知道的一些要點:

什么是穩(wěn)定幣?它與常見的加密貨幣有哪些區(qū)別?

穩(wěn)定幣是一種加密貨幣,其價值會隨著一項單獨資產(chǎn)的價值波動而發(fā)生變化,例如美元、歐元等法定貨幣或者黃金、石油等大宗商品。

穩(wěn)定幣的穩(wěn)定性源于它與價值波動性相對較小的資產(chǎn)掛鉤。因此,穩(wěn)定幣的價格通常比比特幣、以太幣和狗狗幣等常見加密貨幣的價格更穩(wěn)定。其他加密貨幣沒有與標(biāo)的資產(chǎn)掛鉤,通常會出現(xiàn)價值波動。

穩(wěn)定幣能夠用來做什么?能否用穩(wěn)定幣進行交易?

穩(wěn)定幣最常見的用途是在加密貨幣交易所中買賣其他加密貨幣,即將法定貨幣兌換成穩(wěn)定幣,然后用穩(wěn)定幣買賣其他加密貨幣。這是飽受批評的、與美元掛鉤的泰達幣(Tether)成為交易量最大、最普遍的穩(wěn)定幣的原因。

穩(wěn)定幣除了保值功能以外,尤其是更成熟的大公司可以通過穩(wěn)定幣進入加密貨幣市場。比如,支付行業(yè)巨頭Visa使用與美元掛鉤的美元代幣(USDC)支持加密貨幣交易,其目標(biāo)是允許用戶兌換加密貨幣資產(chǎn),用于購買日常用品和服務(wù)。Visa的網(wǎng)絡(luò)還支持Coinbase借記卡持有人使用美元代幣購物,無需繳納其對其他類型加密貨幣交易收取的高額手續(xù)費。

穩(wěn)定幣還能夠用于各種去中心化金融應(yīng)用,包括“收益挖礦”,即穩(wěn)定幣持有人將其持有的代幣借給其他人,用于獲取利息。

在哪里購買穩(wěn)定幣?為什么要購買穩(wěn)定幣?

Coinbase、幣安(Binance)和Kraken等大多數(shù)大型加密貨幣交易所均提供穩(wěn)定幣。穩(wěn)定幣對投資者的吸引力在于,與價格不穩(wěn)定的比特幣和以太幣等主流加密貨幣相比,穩(wěn)定幣投資更安全、波動性更小。穩(wěn)定幣的穩(wěn)定性使其交易更簡單,對于希望進入加密貨幣市場的機構(gòu)投資者更有吸引力。

規(guī)模最大、最受歡迎的穩(wěn)定幣有哪些?

到目前為止,泰達幣是流通數(shù)量最多的穩(wěn)定幣,預(yù)計占穩(wěn)定幣總市值的一半以上。泰達幣因為夸大與美元掛鉤的程度引發(fā)爭議,因而遭到審查,從市值來看,泰達幣是第三大加密貨幣。

美元代幣也與美元掛鉤,是流通數(shù)量排在第二位的穩(wěn)定幣,在所有加密貨幣中排在第七位。隨著Visa等公司的采用,美元代幣最近的市場份額不斷擴大。Visa將美元代幣作為開展加密貨幣交易的跳板。但與泰達幣一樣,美元代幣因為聲稱每一個代幣的價格與1美元掛鉤而遭到批評,但它實際上是與現(xiàn)金以及國債、商業(yè)票據(jù)和企業(yè)債券等非現(xiàn)金資產(chǎn)掛鉤。

其他值得關(guān)注的穩(wěn)定幣包括與黃金掛鉤的Paxos Gold和與石油掛鉤的石油幣(Petro)。石油幣是委內(nèi)瑞拉政府發(fā)行的以該國石油儲備作為擔(dān)保的加密貨幣。

穩(wěn)定幣是否接受監(jiān)管?

與很多加密貨幣一樣,大部分穩(wěn)定幣目前仍然游走在監(jiān)管灰色地帶,但這種狀況近期內(nèi)可能發(fā)生變化。在7月的會議結(jié)束后,美國財政部部長耶倫呼吁針對穩(wěn)定幣“美國有必要盡快采取行動,確保有適當(dāng)?shù)谋O(jiān)管框架”,拜登政府預(yù)計將在“未來幾個月內(nèi)”出臺政策建議。美國證券交易委員會主席根斯勒還指出需要加強對加密貨幣投資者的保護,穩(wěn)定幣不太可能得到豁免。

最近還有一個相關(guān)領(lǐng)域也引起了越來越多的關(guān)注,它就是由政府發(fā)行的數(shù)字代幣央行數(shù)字貨幣(CBDC),其價值和功能與國家法定貨幣完全相同。政府通過央行數(shù)字貨幣規(guī)避與法定貨幣掛鉤的穩(wěn)定幣,并加強對數(shù)字貨幣生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的管控。亞洲國家已經(jīng)在發(fā)展央行數(shù)字貨幣,例如中國最近開始的“數(shù)字人民幣”試點,美聯(lián)儲預(yù)計將在今年晚些時候闡明其對數(shù)字貨幣和穩(wěn)定幣的立場。(財富中文網(wǎng))

翻譯:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

加密貨幣的興起誕生了一系列新術(shù)語,比如非同質(zhì)化代幣(NFT)、去中心化金融(DeFi)等。

本文要談?wù)摰氖欠€(wěn)定幣(stablecoins)。這種加密貨幣逐漸獲得希望投資加密貨幣的投資者和公司的歡迎。其中一個原因是穩(wěn)定幣不會像比特幣(Bitcoin)、以太幣(Ethereum)和狗狗幣(Dogecoin)等知名代幣一樣出現(xiàn)巨大的價格波動。

因此,穩(wěn)定幣市場迅速增長。截至今年5月,穩(wěn)定幣的總供應(yīng)量從一年前的約100億美元,增加到超過1,000億美元。

今年7月,美國財政部部長珍妮特?耶倫召開的一次會議,成為穩(wěn)定幣市場的轉(zhuǎn)折點。此次會議召集高層經(jīng)濟政策制定者,包括美聯(lián)儲(Federal Reserve)主席杰羅姆?鮑威爾和美國證券交易委員會(Securities and Exchange Commission)主席加里?根斯勒等,共同討論了穩(wěn)定幣的“快速增長”和“潛在應(yīng)用”。

到底什么是穩(wěn)定幣?穩(wěn)定幣與常見的加密貨幣有哪些區(qū)別?為什么人們會對穩(wěn)定幣感興趣?以下是投資者需要知道的一些要點:

什么是穩(wěn)定幣?它與常見的加密貨幣有哪些區(qū)別?

穩(wěn)定幣是一種加密貨幣,其價值會隨著一項單獨資產(chǎn)的價值波動而發(fā)生變化,例如美元、歐元等法定貨幣或者黃金、石油等大宗商品。

穩(wěn)定幣的穩(wěn)定性源于它與價值波動性相對較小的資產(chǎn)掛鉤。因此,穩(wěn)定幣的價格通常比比特幣、以太幣和狗狗幣等常見加密貨幣的價格更穩(wěn)定。其他加密貨幣沒有與標(biāo)的資產(chǎn)掛鉤,通常會出現(xiàn)價值波動。

穩(wěn)定幣能夠用來做什么?能否用穩(wěn)定幣進行交易?

穩(wěn)定幣最常見的用途是在加密貨幣交易所中買賣其他加密貨幣,即將法定貨幣兌換成穩(wěn)定幣,然后用穩(wěn)定幣買賣其他加密貨幣。這是飽受批評的、與美元掛鉤的泰達幣(Tether)成為交易量最大、最普遍的穩(wěn)定幣的原因。

穩(wěn)定幣除了保值功能以外,尤其是更成熟的大公司可以通過穩(wěn)定幣進入加密貨幣市場。比如,支付行業(yè)巨頭Visa使用與美元掛鉤的美元代幣(USDC)支持加密貨幣交易,其目標(biāo)是允許用戶兌換加密貨幣資產(chǎn),用于購買日常用品和服務(wù)。Visa的網(wǎng)絡(luò)還支持Coinbase借記卡持有人使用美元代幣購物,無需繳納其對其他類型加密貨幣交易收取的高額手續(xù)費。

穩(wěn)定幣還能夠用于各種去中心化金融應(yīng)用,包括“收益挖礦”,即穩(wěn)定幣持有人將其持有的代幣借給其他人,用于獲取利息。

在哪里購買穩(wěn)定幣?為什么要購買穩(wěn)定幣?

Coinbase、幣安(Binance)和Kraken等大多數(shù)大型加密貨幣交易所均提供穩(wěn)定幣。穩(wěn)定幣對投資者的吸引力在于,與價格不穩(wěn)定的比特幣和以太幣等主流加密貨幣相比,穩(wěn)定幣投資更安全、波動性更小。穩(wěn)定幣的穩(wěn)定性使其交易更簡單,對于希望進入加密貨幣市場的機構(gòu)投資者更有吸引力。

規(guī)模最大、最受歡迎的穩(wěn)定幣有哪些?

到目前為止,泰達幣是流通數(shù)量最多的穩(wěn)定幣,預(yù)計占穩(wěn)定幣總市值的一半以上。泰達幣因為夸大與美元掛鉤的程度引發(fā)爭議,因而遭到審查,從市值來看,泰達幣是第三大加密貨幣。

美元代幣也與美元掛鉤,是流通數(shù)量排在第二位的穩(wěn)定幣,在所有加密貨幣中排在第七位。隨著Visa等公司的采用,美元代幣最近的市場份額不斷擴大。Visa將美元代幣作為開展加密貨幣交易的跳板。但與泰達幣一樣,美元代幣因為聲稱每一個代幣的價格與1美元掛鉤而遭到批評,但它實際上是與現(xiàn)金以及國債、商業(yè)票據(jù)和企業(yè)債券等非現(xiàn)金資產(chǎn)掛鉤。

其他值得關(guān)注的穩(wěn)定幣包括與黃金掛鉤的Paxos Gold和與石油掛鉤的石油幣(Petro)。石油幣是委內(nèi)瑞拉政府發(fā)行的以該國石油儲備作為擔(dān)保的加密貨幣。

穩(wěn)定幣是否接受監(jiān)管?

與很多加密貨幣一樣,大部分穩(wěn)定幣目前仍然游走在監(jiān)管灰色地帶,但這種狀況近期內(nèi)可能發(fā)生變化。在7月的會議結(jié)束后,美國財政部部長耶倫呼吁針對穩(wěn)定幣“美國有必要盡快采取行動,確保有適當(dāng)?shù)谋O(jiān)管框架”,拜登政府預(yù)計將在“未來幾個月內(nèi)”出臺政策建議。美國證券交易委員會主席根斯勒還指出需要加強對加密貨幣投資者的保護,穩(wěn)定幣不太可能得到豁免。

最近還有一個相關(guān)領(lǐng)域也引起了越來越多的關(guān)注,它就是由政府發(fā)行的數(shù)字代幣央行數(shù)字貨幣(CBDC),其價值和功能與國家法定貨幣完全相同。政府通過央行數(shù)字貨幣規(guī)避與法定貨幣掛鉤的穩(wěn)定幣,并加強對數(shù)字貨幣生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的管控。亞洲國家已經(jīng)在發(fā)展央行數(shù)字貨幣,例如中國最近開始的“數(shù)字人民幣”試點,美聯(lián)儲預(yù)計將在今年晚些時候闡明其對數(shù)字貨幣和穩(wěn)定幣的立場。(財富中文網(wǎng))

翻譯:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

The rise of cryptocurrencies has created a huge glossary of new terms to understand, from NFTs to DeFi.

Case in point: stablecoins, an increasingly popular avenue for investors and companies looking to get involved with cryptocurrencies. One of the reasons is that stablecoins are somewhat immune to the huge price fluctuations that are par for the course with Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin, to name a few well-known tokens.

As a result, the market for stablecoins has boomed. As of May, total stablecoin supply had rocketed to over $100 billion, up from only around $10 billion a year earlier.

A recent tipping point for stablecoins was a meeting convened in July by Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen that brought together a group of top economic policymakers—including Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell and Securities and Exchange Commission chair Gary Gensler—to discuss the “rapid growth” and “potential uses” of stablecoins.

So what are stablecoins, how are they different from your typical cryptocurrencies, and why is there so much interest around them? Here’s what you need to know:

What is a stablecoin, and how is it different from typical cryptocurrencies?

A stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency whose value is attached to that of a separate asset, such as fiat currencies like the dollar and euro or commodities like gold and oil.

Stablecoins get their stability from being pegged to assets whose values fluctuate relatively little. Because of this, their price is usually steadier than typical cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ether, and Dogecoin, which are not backed by any underlying asset and frequently fluctuate in value.

What are stablecoins used for? Can you transact with stablecoins?

Stablecoins are most commonly used for buying and selling other cryptocurrencies on crypto exchanges, by converting fiat currency into stablecoins and using those stablecoins to buy and sell other crypto tokens. This is how the beleaguered, dollar-backed Tether became the most traded and ubiquitous stablecoin.

Beyond storing value, stablecoins are also being adopted by businesses, particularly by larger and more established companies getting into the crypto space. Payments giant Visa, for instance, is using the dollar-backed USD Coin (USDC) to facilitate crypto transactions, with the goal of letting people convert their crypto assets to buy everyday goods and services. Visa’s network also lets holders of Coinbase debit cards use their USDCs on purchases, without incurring the steep fees charged for other types of crypto transactions.

Stablecoins can also be used across a variety of “decentralized finance,” or DeFi, applications, including “yield farming”—whereby stablecoin holders lend their tokens to others and generate interest in return.

Where can you buy stablecoins? Why would you buy stablecoins?

Stablecoins are available on most major crypto exchanges including Coinbase, Binance, and Kraken. The attraction of stablecoins for investors is that they are usually a much safer and less volatile bet compared to fluctuation-prone tokens—even major ones like Bitcoin and Ether. That stability also makes stablecoins easier to transact with, and more attractive to institutional players looking to get into crypto.

What are the largest and most popular stablecoins?

By far, Tether is the largest stablecoin in circulation, accounting for more than half of total stablecoin market capitalization. The controversial token, which has faced scrutiny for exaggerating the extent to which it’s actually backed by U.S. currency, is also the third-largest cryptocurrency of any kind by market cap.

USD Coin, which is also tied to the U.S. dollar, is the second-largest stablecoin in circulation and the seventh-largest token of any kind. USDC has recently grown in market share—helped by its adoption by the likes of Visa, which is using it as an on-ramp toward facilitating crypto transactions. But like Tether, USDC is also now taking criticism for having claimed that every token is backed by $1 in cash, when it’s actually backed by a combination of cash and noncash assets like Treasury bonds, commercial paper, and corporate bonds.

Other notable stablecoins include the gold-backed Paxos Gold and the oil-backed Petro, which was issued by the government of Venezuela and backed by that country’s oil reserves.

Are stablecoins regulated?

Like much of crypto, most stablecoins operate in a regulatory gray area—though that will likely change in the near future. In the wake of July’s meeting on the matter, Treasury Secretary Yellen urged “the need to act quickly to ensure there is an appropriate U.S. regulatory framework in place” addressing stablecoins, with the Biden administration expected to issue policy recommendations “in the coming months.” SEC chair Gensler has also pointed to the need for greater investor protections in crypto, and stablecoins are unlikely to be exempt from that.

One related area that has drawn more interest recently is central bank digital currency (CBDC), government-issued digital tokens that would hold the same value as, and function just like, units of that country’s currency. They have been floated as a way for governments to circumvent stablecoins backed by their fiat currencies, and assert more control over the digital currency ecosystem. Asian countries are already developing CBDCs—with China currently piloting its “digital yuan”—and the Federal Reserve is expected to clarify its stance on digital currencies, as well as stablecoins, later this year.

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