如果將不同的新冠疫苗混合使用,例如第一針和第二針接種的是不同公司的疫苗,會(huì)有什么后果?科學(xué)家也想知道答案。
為什么?因?yàn)橐呙绲幕旌辖臃N可能會(huì)讓政府在現(xiàn)有疫苗的使用方面變得更靈活,能夠確保更多的人接種疫苗,而且不會(huì)浪費(fèi)。還有人猜測(cè),至少對(duì)某些疫苗來(lái)說(shuō),在第二針使用不同公司的疫苗可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更強(qiáng)烈的免疫應(yīng)答。
最終,如果新冠肺炎成為一種地方流行病(這在很多專家看來(lái)都是可能的),而且人們需要頻繁進(jìn)行后續(xù)注射來(lái)保持其免疫力,那么,人們可能需要使用不同于初次接種的疫苗來(lái)進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)。
英國(guó)政府正在贊助的疫苗混合使用臨床試驗(yàn)便是其中最早和最大試驗(yàn)之一,專家將這類試驗(yàn)稱之為“異源性用藥”。這一研究最初的調(diào)查結(jié)果已經(jīng)出來(lái)了:相對(duì)于那些接種同一種疫苗的人來(lái)說(shuō),那些接種輝瑞(Pfizer)疫苗然后接種阿里斯康(AstraZeneca)疫苗或接種順序相反的人群,更有可能在接種第二劑時(shí)出現(xiàn)不適反應(yīng),牛津大學(xué)(University of Oxford)的研究人員在一篇發(fā)布于同行評(píng)議醫(yī)療雜志《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)的研究紀(jì)要中寫道。
這些反應(yīng)包括類流感癥狀,例如發(fā)熱、肌肉疼痛、嗜睡和普通的不適感。科學(xué)家稱,這些副作用并不嚴(yán)重,只是“輕度到中度”。他們還稱這些癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間很短,最多持續(xù)數(shù)天的時(shí)間,而且輝瑞和阿斯利康疫苗的混合接種到目前為止沒有安全顧慮。
更加頻繁和明顯的反應(yīng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致第二針接種之后第二天曠工率的增加。負(fù)責(zé)混合用藥臨床試驗(yàn)的牛津大學(xué)的兒科與疫苗學(xué)教授馬修?斯內(nèi)普稱,這可能是一個(gè)重要的考慮因素,尤其是政府在給醫(yī)療工作者接種的時(shí)候。科學(xué)家還警告稱,該研究?jī)H涵蓋50歲以上的人士,而年輕人的反應(yīng)有可能會(huì)不同。
研究仍然處于早期
研究人員稱,目前還沒有得到有關(guān)混合接種是否可以讓接種者產(chǎn)生可比或更好免疫應(yīng)答的數(shù)據(jù)。然而他們還表示,他們“希望在接下來(lái)幾個(gè)月中公布這些數(shù)據(jù)。”
與此同時(shí),他們稱已經(jīng)調(diào)整了臨床試驗(yàn),為志愿者提供處方止疼藥撲熱息痛(paracetamol),以研究此舉是否能夠減輕第二劑疫苗的副作用。
英國(guó)的這項(xiàng)研究由英國(guó)國(guó)家健康研究所(National Institute for Health Research)開展。阿斯利康和輝瑞疫苗最初的研究涉及超過800名志愿者,他們來(lái)自于英格蘭8個(gè)不同的城市。4月,科學(xué)家擴(kuò)大了研究范圍,納入了Moderna和Novavax的疫苗,并額外招募了1050名志愿者。這些志愿者首先將注射阿斯利康或輝瑞的疫苗,然后后續(xù)要么注射同樣的疫苗,要么注射Moderna或Novavax的疫苗。
阿斯利康正在單獨(dú)開展一項(xiàng)臨床實(shí)驗(yàn),以觀察將自家疫苗與俄羅斯的Sputnik V疫苗混合使用的效果。
科學(xué)家稱,這類混合與匹配是可行的,因?yàn)榈侥壳盀橹梗蠖鄶?shù)獲批使用的新冠病毒疫苗都將冠狀病毒的同一部分作為免疫應(yīng)答目標(biāo):棘突蛋白。
研究人員最希望了解的是,對(duì)那些使用改構(gòu)后的腺病毒來(lái)引發(fā)人體細(xì)胞生產(chǎn)棘突蛋白的疫苗來(lái)說(shuō),混合接種療法是否可以帶來(lái)更好的免疫應(yīng)答。阿斯利康的疫苗、強(qiáng)生的疫苗和Sputnik V疫苗均使用不同類型的腺病毒。
科學(xué)家推測(cè),在最初注射了腺病毒疫苗之后,人類機(jī)體會(huì)對(duì)腺病毒和冠狀病毒棘突蛋白產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答。未參與上述臨床試驗(yàn)的利茲大學(xué)(University of Leeds)的醫(yī)學(xué)副教授史蒂芬?格里芬表示,這種免疫應(yīng)答存在問題,因?yàn)樗赡芤馕吨?dāng)人們?cè)诮邮艿诙樝俨《疽呙鐣r(shí),免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)在向人體細(xì)胞下達(dá)制造冠狀病毒棘突蛋白指令之前,針對(duì)并防護(hù)腺病毒,因此會(huì)降低第二針接種的效用。通過在第二針接種不同的腺病毒或使用不同的疫苗科技,科學(xué)家希望能夠規(guī)避這種現(xiàn)象。
但似乎并非所有的疫苗都存在同樣的問題,例如使用信使RNA(mRNA)向人體細(xì)胞下達(dá)制造冠狀病毒棘突蛋白指令的輝瑞和Moderna疫苗。這種mRNA封存于一小團(tuán)名為脂質(zhì)納米粒的脂肪體中,人類機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)似乎無(wú)法將其識(shí)別為外來(lái)侵略者。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
如果將不同的新冠疫苗混合使用,例如第一針和第二針接種的是不同公司的疫苗,會(huì)有什么后果?科學(xué)家也想知道答案。
為什么?因?yàn)橐呙绲幕旌辖臃N可能會(huì)讓政府在現(xiàn)有疫苗的使用方面變得更靈活,能夠確保更多的人接種疫苗,而且不會(huì)浪費(fèi)。還有人猜測(cè),至少對(duì)某些疫苗來(lái)說(shuō),在第二針使用不同公司的疫苗可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更強(qiáng)烈的免疫應(yīng)答。
最終,如果新冠肺炎成為一種地方流行病(這在很多專家看來(lái)都是可能的),而且人們需要頻繁進(jìn)行后續(xù)注射來(lái)保持其免疫力,那么,人們可能需要使用不同于初次接種的疫苗來(lái)進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)。
英國(guó)政府正在贊助的疫苗混合使用臨床試驗(yàn)便是其中最早和最大試驗(yàn)之一,專家將這類試驗(yàn)稱之為“異源性用藥”。這一研究最初的調(diào)查結(jié)果已經(jīng)出來(lái)了:相對(duì)于那些接種同一種疫苗的人來(lái)說(shuō),那些接種輝瑞(Pfizer)疫苗然后接種阿里斯康(AstraZeneca)疫苗或接種順序相反的人群,更有可能在接種第二劑時(shí)出現(xiàn)不適反應(yīng),牛津大學(xué)(University of Oxford)的研究人員在一篇發(fā)布于同行評(píng)議醫(yī)療雜志《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)的研究紀(jì)要中寫道。
這些反應(yīng)包括類流感癥狀,例如發(fā)熱、肌肉疼痛、嗜睡和普通的不適感。科學(xué)家稱,這些副作用并不嚴(yán)重,只是“輕度到中度”。他們還稱這些癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間很短,最多持續(xù)數(shù)天的時(shí)間,而且輝瑞和阿斯利康疫苗的混合接種到目前為止沒有安全顧慮。
更加頻繁和明顯的反應(yīng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致第二針接種之后第二天曠工率的增加。負(fù)責(zé)混合用藥臨床試驗(yàn)的牛津大學(xué)的兒科與疫苗學(xué)教授馬修?斯內(nèi)普稱,這可能是一個(gè)重要的考慮因素,尤其是政府在給醫(yī)療工作者接種的時(shí)候。科學(xué)家還警告稱,該研究?jī)H涵蓋50歲以上的人士,而年輕人的反應(yīng)有可能會(huì)不同。
研究仍然處于早期
研究人員稱,目前還沒有得到有關(guān)混合接種是否可以讓接種者產(chǎn)生可比或更好免疫應(yīng)答的數(shù)據(jù)。然而他們還表示,他們“希望在接下來(lái)幾個(gè)月中公布這些數(shù)據(jù)。”
與此同時(shí),他們稱已經(jīng)調(diào)整了臨床試驗(yàn),為志愿者提供處方止疼藥撲熱息痛(paracetamol),以研究此舉是否能夠減輕第二劑疫苗的副作用。
英國(guó)的這項(xiàng)研究由英國(guó)國(guó)家健康研究所(National Institute for Health Research)開展。阿斯利康和輝瑞疫苗最初的研究涉及超過800名志愿者,他們來(lái)自于英格蘭8個(gè)不同的城市。4月,科學(xué)家擴(kuò)大了研究范圍,納入了Moderna和Novavax的疫苗,并額外招募了1050名志愿者。這些志愿者首先將注射阿斯利康或輝瑞的疫苗,然后后續(xù)要么注射同樣的疫苗,要么注射Moderna或Novavax的疫苗。
阿斯利康正在單獨(dú)開展一項(xiàng)臨床實(shí)驗(yàn),以觀察將自家疫苗與俄羅斯的Sputnik V疫苗混合使用的效果。
科學(xué)家稱,這類混合與匹配是可行的,因?yàn)榈侥壳盀橹梗蠖鄶?shù)獲批使用的新冠病毒疫苗都將冠狀病毒的同一部分作為免疫應(yīng)答目標(biāo):棘突蛋白。
研究人員最希望了解的是,對(duì)那些使用改構(gòu)后的腺病毒來(lái)引發(fā)人體細(xì)胞生產(chǎn)棘突蛋白的疫苗來(lái)說(shuō),混合接種療法是否可以帶來(lái)更好的免疫應(yīng)答。阿斯利康的疫苗、強(qiáng)生的疫苗和Sputnik V疫苗均使用不同類型的腺病毒。
科學(xué)家推測(cè),在最初注射了腺病毒疫苗之后,人類機(jī)體會(huì)對(duì)腺病毒和冠狀病毒棘突蛋白產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答。未參與上述臨床試驗(yàn)的利茲大學(xué)(University of Leeds)的醫(yī)學(xué)副教授史蒂芬?格里芬表示,這種免疫應(yīng)答存在問題,因?yàn)樗赡芤馕吨?dāng)人們?cè)诮邮艿诙樝俨《疽呙鐣r(shí),免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)在向人體細(xì)胞下達(dá)制造冠狀病毒棘突蛋白指令之前,針對(duì)并防護(hù)腺病毒,因此會(huì)降低第二針接種的效用。通過在第二針接種不同的腺病毒或使用不同的疫苗科技,科學(xué)家希望能夠規(guī)避這種現(xiàn)象。
但似乎并非所有的疫苗都存在同樣的問題,例如使用信使RNA(mRNA)向人體細(xì)胞下達(dá)制造冠狀病毒棘突蛋白指令的輝瑞和Moderna疫苗。這種mRNA封存于一小團(tuán)名為脂質(zhì)納米粒的脂肪體中,人類機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)似乎無(wú)法將其識(shí)別為外來(lái)侵略者。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
What happens if you mix COVID-19 vaccines, receiving a first dose of one jab and a second dose of a different inoculation? Scientists want to know.
Why? Because mixing doses might give governments more flexibility to stretch available vaccine supplies across populations, ensuring more people get vaccinated and doses won’t go to waste. There’s also speculation that, at least for some of the vaccines, receiving a second dose of a different vaccine might produce a stronger immune response.
Finally, if COVID-19 becomes endemic —as many experts think is likely— and people need frequent booster shots to retain immunity, then it is possible people will need to receive boosters of a different shot than they received initially.
The U.K. government is sponsoring one of the earliest and largest clinical trials of this kind of mixing, which experts call “heterologous dosing.” And the very first preliminary results from that study are in: People who received the Pfizer vaccine followed by the AstraZeneca jab or vice versa, were more likely to experience uncomfortable reactions to the second dose than people who received two doses of the same vaccine, researchers at the University of Oxford reported in a research note published in the peer-reviewed medical journal The Lancet.
These reactions included flu-like symptoms, such as fever, muscle aches, lethargy, and a general feeling of being unwell. The scientists said that none of these side effects were severe, describing them as “mild to moderate.” They also said the symptoms were short-lived, lasting at most a few days and that there had been no other safety concerns so far with mixing the Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines.
More frequent and pronounced reactions could lead to higher rates of absenteeism from work on the day after the second inoculation. This could be an important consideration, especially when governments were vaccinating healthcare workers, according to Matthew Snape, a University of Oxford professor of paediatrics and vaccinology who is leading the mixed dose clinical trial. The scientists also cautioned that the study only included people over the age of 50 and that it is possible that younger people might react differently.
Early days yet
Data on whether the mixed dosages produced a comparable or better immune response in those vaccinated is not yet available, the researchers said, adding that they “hope to report these data in the coming months.”
In the meantime, they said they had adapted the trials to study if offering volunteers the over-the-counter pain medication paracetamol (acetaminophen) reduced the side effects experienced with the second dose.
The British study is being carried out by the National Institute for Health Research. The initial study of the AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccines involved more than 800 volunteers recruited across eight different sites in England. In April, scientists expanded the research to look at the Moderna and Novavax vaccines too, with a further 1,050 volunteers recruited. These volunteers would receive either the AstraZeneca or Pfizer vaccine first, followed either by the same vaccine for their second dose, or a dose of either the Moderna or Novavax jabs.
Separately, AstraZeneca is conducting a clinical trial to look at the effect of mixing doses of its vaccine with the Russian Sputnik V vaccine.
Scientists say this kind of mixing-and-matching is possible because most of the COVID-19 vaccines approved for use so far all elicit an immune response to the same part of the coronavirus: the spike protein.
Researchers are particularly interested in seeing if mixed dosing regimens confer a better immune response for the vaccines that use a modified adenovirus to deliver instructions to the body’s cells to produce the spike protein. The AstraZeneca vaccine, Johnson & Johnson vaccine, and the Sputnik V vaccine each use a different kind of adenovirus.
Scientists speculate that, after the initial injection of the adenovirus-based vaccines, a person’s body develops an immune response to the adenovirus as well as the coronavirus spike protein. This immune response is problematic because it may mean that when the person receives the second dose of an adenovirus-based vaccine, the immune system targets and disables the adenovirus before it can deliver the instructions to the body’s cells to make the coronavirus spike protein, making the second jab less effective, according to Stephen Griffin, an associate professor of medicine at the University of Leeds who is not affiliated with the clinical trial. By using a different adenovirus for the second dose or a different vaccine technology, it is hoped this can be avoided.
This same issue does not seem to affect vaccines, such as Pfizer’s and Moderna’s, that use messenger RNA (mRNA) to deliver instructions to the body’s cells to make the coronavirus spike protein. That mRNA is delivered encased in a tiny envelope of fat, called a lipid nanoparticle, that the body’s immune system does not seem to recognize as a foreign invader.