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羅賓漢IPO不走尋常路,又將是一場散戶狂歡?

Shawn Tully
2021-04-02

羅賓漢公司的總估值很可能達到500億美元,是今年到目前為止規模最大的IPO。

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羅賓漢公司(Robinhood)的首席執行官弗拉德·特涅夫最近主持了一場“爐邊談話”,與這家引領風潮的在線經紀公司的客戶親切攀談。他坐在一個靜止的畫面前——上面顯示的是一個溫馨的壁爐——長發飄飄,穿一件圓領毛衣,看上去輕松自在,頗有風度。特涅夫重申了他長期追尋的使命:“為所有人實現金融民主化。”有報道稱,在羅賓漢即將上市之際,特涅夫、公司的聯合創始人拜朱·巴特,以及風險投資人選擇了一條新穎的路線,而不是我們常見的那種由華爾街主導的上市方式。通常情況下,擬上市企業會把所有或幾乎所有的股票留給對沖基金、共同基金,以及構成公司最賺錢客戶群的其他大型投資者。

在3月23日發布的一篇博文中,羅賓漢證實了美國全國廣播公司財經頻道(CNBC)之前的報道,稱該公司剛剛向美國證券交易委員會(SEC)提交了首次公開募股(IPO)文件。據美國全國廣播公司財經頻道報道,羅賓漢將在納斯達克(Nasdaq)上市。招股說明書仍然保密,所以我們還不知道其股票的定價區間,也不知道它計劃發行多少股。在去年9月完成的一輪風投融資中,羅賓漢募集了6億美元,其估值由此躍升至120億美元左右。僅在今年1月,它就新增用戶300萬,從而使其用戶總數超過1300萬。羅賓漢的總估值很可能達到500億美元,讓2021年迄今為止的每宗IPO都相形見絀,并由此躋身2020年年初以來的十大IPO交易之列。順便說一句,2020年是企業上市特別暢旺的一年。

“親和力”計劃

據媒體報道,羅賓漢正在籌備一項“親和力”計劃,作為其首次公開募股的組成部分。這些計劃并不是特別常見,但我們已經見證了一些備受關注的案例,尤其是在最近幾年。

早在1996年,波士頓啤酒公司(Boston Beer)就在銷售6瓶裝Sam Adams啤酒時提供優惠券,授予3萬名顧客每人以15美元的上市前價格購買33股的權利,這部分股票占擬發行股票總數的22%。這番操作讓小人物排在了股票認購隊伍的最前列。啤酒消費者的買入價比基金購買上市前股票的價格低了5美元。去年年初,愛彼迎(Airbnb)在其價值35億美元的IPO中特意為廣大房東預留了2.38億美元的上市前股票,每位房主最多可以購買200股。這只股票在首個交易日就從68美元飆升至144美元。對房東來說,1.36萬美元的投資上限轉眼間就變成了2.87萬美元。愛彼迎目前的股價為174美元。

在英國,Deliveroo正在邀請客戶參與其IPO,此舉引發熱議。這家獲得亞馬遜(Amazon)支持的美食外賣平臺計劃籌集約10億美元。該交易很可能會在本周啟動,并且有望創下倫敦股市多年來規模最大的IPO之一。Deliveroo專門為那些已經在其網站下單的老用戶,以及點擊應用程序購買雜貨的新用戶撥備了6000萬美元的股票。流向散戶的股票僅占4%,并不算大,但正如首席執行官及創始人許子祥(Will Shu)所言:“有太多太多的普通人被鎖在IPO之外,唯一的參與者是機構投資者。我想讓盡可能多的客戶獲得成為股東的機會。”

親和力計劃并非總是有效。2006年,企業電信解決方案提供商Vonage做出了一個大膽的舉動,將大約八分之一的IPO股票預留給了客戶。但該股在開盤一周內暴跌了30%,那些獲得幾天寬限期的客戶拒絕付款,Vonage被迫買單,媒體的負面報道接踵而至。2019年,網約車服務商Uber和Lyft不約而同地為資深司機提供現金補貼,以資助他們購買一小部分上市前股票,但兩只股票在隨后幾個月都表現不佳。

羅賓漢的IPO可能是什么模樣

我們不知道羅賓漢計劃向客戶出售多大比例的股票。佛羅里達大學(University of Florida)的杰伊·里特指出,近十年來分配給散戶的最高股票份額可能是Facebook在2012年提供的25%。不妨假設一下,羅賓漢想玩一把大的,它告訴承銷商,應該把一半股票留給其賬戶持有人社區。

倘若如此,羅賓漢很可能與高盛(Goldman Sachs)牽頭的投資銀行展開一場有趣的拉鋸戰。一方面,投行家會像以往一樣,希望為自己的客戶保留盡可能多的股份。“但面對承銷商時,羅賓漢擁有很強的議價能力。”里特說,“這次IPO可能會募集30億美元。即使華爾街分得一半,也有15億美元的股票可以分配給那些給他們帶來最多業務的基金。”

華爾街的議價能力同樣不可小覷,因為羅賓漢的定價顯然會遵循傳統的IPO模式,如果不是更加循規蹈矩的話。投行家很可能會讓這家經紀公司大幅壓低發行價,這向來是他們的首要目標。“在上市前談判中,羅賓漢不會要求推高股價,因為那樣做有風險:一旦股票開始交易,羅賓漢的客戶就會賠錢。”里特指出,“相較于羅賓漢的高管,不提高承銷商提議的發行價對投行來說更容易一些。”發行價越低,首日漲幅就越大。無論是對銀行和基金,還是對那些購買了很可能超級便宜的股票的羅賓漢粉絲來說,這都是一個皆大歡喜的結果。

一個“爆款”

羅賓漢一直備受小投資者推崇。假設它的客戶確實能夠購買此次發行的一半股票。里特說,一旦它開始交易,這些人不太可能購買更多的股票。“散戶投資者與機構不同。”他說,“如果大型基金分得的股票比例低于他們尋求長期持有的總量,他們就會買入更多;如果不打算長期持有,他們就會賣出。如果散戶投資者在IPO中獲得了一定數量的股票,他們往往會選擇持有,而不會在開盤當天跳入市場買入更多股票。”

一旦羅賓漢在納斯達克上市,其股票很可能會獲得普羅大眾的追捧。這些投資者或許還沒有在羅賓漢開設賬戶,可能正在考慮這么做,或者把自己視為羅賓漢發起的這場革命的步兵。里特稱:“羅賓漢在散戶投資者中擁有很高的知名度。”他認為,普羅大眾的購買熱情很可能將這只股票的價格推高到“脫離基本面”的水平。

難言革命

上市首日大幅上漲,將被慶賀為小投資者的勝利。麻煩之處在于,這場勝利僅限于那些與大型基金獲得同樣甜頭的羅賓漢客戶。一旦股票開始交易,所有其他的小魚小蝦都將支付可能要高得多的買入價。此外,壓低發行價也意味著羅賓漢無法享用“擺在桌面上”的數億美元資金——它本來可以將這筆預先放棄的巨款收入囊中。據媒體報道,羅賓漢計劃開發一款應用程序,允許業余人士以上市前的承銷價購買其他公司發行的股票。但這個計劃不太可能成功,因為這將與華爾街竭力確保自己的肥貓吃飽喝足的愿望發生沖突。“回顧過去,所有旨在確保散戶獲得高比例股票的努力都落空了,因為承銷商、對沖基金和大型共同基金的既得利益太難克服了。”里特說。

至少從媒體報道來看,羅賓漢模式的問題在于,它讓華爾街和羅賓漢的客戶迅速撈到好處,但“零售投資世界中的其他散戶只能夠以更高的價格買入。這是有限的民主,只有特定群體可以投票。”里特說。

要成為真正的革命者,羅賓漢應該“直接上市”,這也是里特和Benchmark的合伙人比爾·格利領銜的一眾風險投資家所青睞的上市方式。Spotify在2018年做了一次成功的嘗試,Slack也在第二年采用這種方式成功上市。在直接上市交易中,所有尋求購買的投資者,無論是對沖基金還是小投資者,都需要在股票開始交易前將他們的報價發送給處理發行工作的交易所。

納斯達克或紐約證券交易所(NYSE)的專家會在清晨開盤前舉行拍賣。這個競價流程對所有大小參與者開放。讓供需達到平衡的價格就是股票的開盤價。你不會碰到典型的IPO“超額需求”問題,即發行價定得過低,以至于基金認購的股票數量是投行分配的五倍。

這個價格發現過程有助于消除或減少所謂的“爆款”現象。交易開始時入場的散戶投資者支付的買入價,與那些參與拍賣的大小投資者幾乎完全相同。如此一來,小人物就獲得了堪比華爾街寵兒的待遇。如果羅賓漢想實現真正的IPO民主,它就應該敞開大門,以同樣的條件歡迎所有的投資者,而不僅僅是它自己的客戶和華爾街大機構。

在引領群眾運動方面,羅賓漢已經證明了它的高明之處。它現在有機會發起一場新運動,著手改變金融市場中最精英化、最不平等的角落。(財富中文網)

譯者:任文科

羅賓漢公司(Robinhood)的首席執行官弗拉德·特涅夫最近主持了一場“爐邊談話”,與這家引領風潮的在線經紀公司的客戶親切攀談。他坐在一個靜止的畫面前——上面顯示的是一個溫馨的壁爐——長發飄飄,穿一件圓領毛衣,看上去輕松自在,頗有風度。特涅夫重申了他長期追尋的使命:“為所有人實現金融民主化。”有報道稱,在羅賓漢即將上市之際,特涅夫、公司的聯合創始人拜朱·巴特,以及風險投資人選擇了一條新穎的路線,而不是我們常見的那種由華爾街主導的上市方式。通常情況下,擬上市企業會把所有或幾乎所有的股票留給對沖基金、共同基金,以及構成公司最賺錢客戶群的其他大型投資者。

在3月23日發布的一篇博文中,羅賓漢證實了美國全國廣播公司財經頻道(CNBC)之前的報道,稱該公司剛剛向美國證券交易委員會(SEC)提交了首次公開募股(IPO)文件。據美國全國廣播公司財經頻道報道,羅賓漢將在納斯達克(Nasdaq)上市。招股說明書仍然保密,所以我們還不知道其股票的定價區間,也不知道它計劃發行多少股。在去年9月完成的一輪風投融資中,羅賓漢募集了6億美元,其估值由此躍升至120億美元左右。僅在今年1月,它就新增用戶300萬,從而使其用戶總數超過1300萬。羅賓漢的總估值很可能達到500億美元,讓2021年迄今為止的每宗IPO都相形見絀,并由此躋身2020年年初以來的十大IPO交易之列。順便說一句,2020年是企業上市特別暢旺的一年。

“親和力”計劃

據媒體報道,羅賓漢正在籌備一項“親和力”計劃,作為其首次公開募股的組成部分。這些計劃并不是特別常見,但我們已經見證了一些備受關注的案例,尤其是在最近幾年。

早在1996年,波士頓啤酒公司(Boston Beer)就在銷售6瓶裝Sam Adams啤酒時提供優惠券,授予3萬名顧客每人以15美元的上市前價格購買33股的權利,這部分股票占擬發行股票總數的22%。這番操作讓小人物排在了股票認購隊伍的最前列。啤酒消費者的買入價比基金購買上市前股票的價格低了5美元。去年年初,愛彼迎(Airbnb)在其價值35億美元的IPO中特意為廣大房東預留了2.38億美元的上市前股票,每位房主最多可以購買200股。這只股票在首個交易日就從68美元飆升至144美元。對房東來說,1.36萬美元的投資上限轉眼間就變成了2.87萬美元。愛彼迎目前的股價為174美元。

在英國,Deliveroo正在邀請客戶參與其IPO,此舉引發熱議。這家獲得亞馬遜(Amazon)支持的美食外賣平臺計劃籌集約10億美元。該交易很可能會在本周啟動,并且有望創下倫敦股市多年來規模最大的IPO之一。Deliveroo專門為那些已經在其網站下單的老用戶,以及點擊應用程序購買雜貨的新用戶撥備了6000萬美元的股票。流向散戶的股票僅占4%,并不算大,但正如首席執行官及創始人許子祥(Will Shu)所言:“有太多太多的普通人被鎖在IPO之外,唯一的參與者是機構投資者。我想讓盡可能多的客戶獲得成為股東的機會。”

親和力計劃并非總是有效。2006年,企業電信解決方案提供商Vonage做出了一個大膽的舉動,將大約八分之一的IPO股票預留給了客戶。但該股在開盤一周內暴跌了30%,那些獲得幾天寬限期的客戶拒絕付款,Vonage被迫買單,媒體的負面報道接踵而至。2019年,網約車服務商Uber和Lyft不約而同地為資深司機提供現金補貼,以資助他們購買一小部分上市前股票,但兩只股票在隨后幾個月都表現不佳。

羅賓漢的IPO可能是什么模樣

我們不知道羅賓漢計劃向客戶出售多大比例的股票。佛羅里達大學(University of Florida)的杰伊·里特指出,近十年來分配給散戶的最高股票份額可能是Facebook在2012年提供的25%。不妨假設一下,羅賓漢想玩一把大的,它告訴承銷商,應該把一半股票留給其賬戶持有人社區。

倘若如此,羅賓漢很可能與高盛(Goldman Sachs)牽頭的投資銀行展開一場有趣的拉鋸戰。一方面,投行家會像以往一樣,希望為自己的客戶保留盡可能多的股份。“但面對承銷商時,羅賓漢擁有很強的議價能力。”里特說,“這次IPO可能會募集30億美元。即使華爾街分得一半,也有15億美元的股票可以分配給那些給他們帶來最多業務的基金。”

華爾街的議價能力同樣不可小覷,因為羅賓漢的定價顯然會遵循傳統的IPO模式,如果不是更加循規蹈矩的話。投行家很可能會讓這家經紀公司大幅壓低發行價,這向來是他們的首要目標。“在上市前談判中,羅賓漢不會要求推高股價,因為那樣做有風險:一旦股票開始交易,羅賓漢的客戶就會賠錢。”里特指出,“相較于羅賓漢的高管,不提高承銷商提議的發行價對投行來說更容易一些。”發行價越低,首日漲幅就越大。無論是對銀行和基金,還是對那些購買了很可能超級便宜的股票的羅賓漢粉絲來說,這都是一個皆大歡喜的結果。

一個“爆款”

羅賓漢一直備受小投資者推崇。假設它的客戶確實能夠購買此次發行的一半股票。里特說,一旦它開始交易,這些人不太可能購買更多的股票。“散戶投資者與機構不同。”他說,“如果大型基金分得的股票比例低于他們尋求長期持有的總量,他們就會買入更多;如果不打算長期持有,他們就會賣出。如果散戶投資者在IPO中獲得了一定數量的股票,他們往往會選擇持有,而不會在開盤當天跳入市場買入更多股票。”

一旦羅賓漢在納斯達克上市,其股票很可能會獲得普羅大眾的追捧。這些投資者或許還沒有在羅賓漢開設賬戶,可能正在考慮這么做,或者把自己視為羅賓漢發起的這場革命的步兵。里特稱:“羅賓漢在散戶投資者中擁有很高的知名度。”他認為,普羅大眾的購買熱情很可能將這只股票的價格推高到“脫離基本面”的水平。

難言革命

上市首日大幅上漲,將被慶賀為小投資者的勝利。麻煩之處在于,這場勝利僅限于那些與大型基金獲得同樣甜頭的羅賓漢客戶。一旦股票開始交易,所有其他的小魚小蝦都將支付可能要高得多的買入價。此外,壓低發行價也意味著羅賓漢無法享用“擺在桌面上”的數億美元資金——它本來可以將這筆預先放棄的巨款收入囊中。據媒體報道,羅賓漢計劃開發一款應用程序,允許業余人士以上市前的承銷價購買其他公司發行的股票。但這個計劃不太可能成功,因為這將與華爾街竭力確保自己的肥貓吃飽喝足的愿望發生沖突。“回顧過去,所有旨在確保散戶獲得高比例股票的努力都落空了,因為承銷商、對沖基金和大型共同基金的既得利益太難克服了。”里特說。

至少從媒體報道來看,羅賓漢模式的問題在于,它讓華爾街和羅賓漢的客戶迅速撈到好處,但“零售投資世界中的其他散戶只能夠以更高的價格買入。這是有限的民主,只有特定群體可以投票。”里特說。

要成為真正的革命者,羅賓漢應該“直接上市”,這也是里特和Benchmark的合伙人比爾·格利領銜的一眾風險投資家所青睞的上市方式。Spotify在2018年做了一次成功的嘗試,Slack也在第二年采用這種方式成功上市。在直接上市交易中,所有尋求購買的投資者,無論是對沖基金還是小投資者,都需要在股票開始交易前將他們的報價發送給處理發行工作的交易所。

納斯達克或紐約證券交易所(NYSE)的專家會在清晨開盤前舉行拍賣。這個競價流程對所有大小參與者開放。讓供需達到平衡的價格就是股票的開盤價。你不會碰到典型的IPO“超額需求”問題,即發行價定得過低,以至于基金認購的股票數量是投行分配的五倍。

這個價格發現過程有助于消除或減少所謂的“爆款”現象。交易開始時入場的散戶投資者支付的買入價,與那些參與拍賣的大小投資者幾乎完全相同。如此一來,小人物就獲得了堪比華爾街寵兒的待遇。如果羅賓漢想實現真正的IPO民主,它就應該敞開大門,以同樣的條件歡迎所有的投資者,而不僅僅是它自己的客戶和華爾街大機構。

在引領群眾運動方面,羅賓漢已經證明了它的高明之處。它現在有機會發起一場新運動,著手改變金融市場中最精英化、最不平等的角落。(財富中文網)

譯者:任文科

Robinhood CEO Vlad Tenev recently hosted a "fireside chat" for customers of the trailblazing online broker. Seated before the stationary tableau displaying a cozy hearth, the shaggy-coiffed, turtlenecked––by the way, relaxed and personable––Tenev reaffirmed his longstanding "mission to democratize finance for all." Now that Robinhood will soon go public, Tenev, his co-founder Baiju Bhatt, and VC investors are reportedly choosing a novel route that departs from the usual, Wall Street-dominated new listings that reserve all or almost all the shares for the hedge, mutual funds, and the other big investors that form the firms' most lucrative clientele.

In a March 23 blog post, Robinhood confirmed a previous CNBC report that it had just filed a paperwork with the SEC for an initial public offering. According to CNBC, it will list on the Nasdaq. The prospectus is confidential, so we don't know the proposed price range, or number of share it plans to float. Robinhood raised $600 million in a VC financing round in September that lifted its value to around $12 billion. It added 3 million new customers in January alone, swelling its roster of users to over 13 million. It's likely that the Robinhood's total valuation will reach $50 billion, dwarfing every IPO so far in 2021 and ranking in the top ten since the start of 2020, a banner year for new listings.

An "affinity" program

According to press reports, Robinhood's planning what appears to be an "affinity program" as part of the offering. Those plans aren't extremely common, but we've seen a few high profile ones, especially in the last few years.

As far back as 1996, Boston Beer offered coupons with six-packs of Sam Adams granting 30,000 customers the right to buy 33 shares each, amounting to 22% of the offering, at a pre-IPO price of $15. That put the little guy at the front of the line. The beer drinkers bought at $5 less than what the funds paid for their pre-IPO shares. Early last year, Airbnb set aside $238 million in pre-IPO stock in its $3.5 billion offering for its hosts, each of whom could buy up to 200 shares. The stock vaulted from $68 to $144 on opening day, turning the maximum $13,600 investment into $28,700, and today it's trading at $174.

In the U.K., Deliveroo is generating lots of buzz by inviting clients into its IPO. The food-shuttling service backed by Amazon plans to raise around a $1 billion in one of London's biggest flotations in years, likely to happen this week. It's earmarked $60 million in shares for people who have already placed orders at the site, or newcomers who click the app to buy its groceries. The four percent or so going to retail isn't big, but as CEO and founder Will Shu put it: "Far too many normal people are locked out of IPOs, and the only participants are institutional investors. I wanted to give as many customers as possible the chance to become shareholders."

Affinity programs don't always work. In 2006, Vonage, a provider of enterprise telecom solutions, made a bold move by reserving around one-eighth of its IPO shares for customers. But the stock cratered 30% in the opening week, and clients who'd been given a few days grace period refused to pay, sticking Vonage with the bill, and unleashing lots of bad press. In 2019, both Uber and Lyft gave veteran drivers cash grants to buy a small allocation of pre-IPO shares, but both stocks performed poorly in the months that followed.

What Robinhood's offering might look like

We don't know what portion of the shares Robinhood plans to target for its customers. According to Jay Ritter of the University of Florida, the highest retail allocation in a decade is probably the 25% share offered by Facebook in 2012. Let's make the assumption that Robinhood wants to go super-big and tells the underwriters that half the shares should go to its community of account holders.

This scenario forms the backdrop for an interesting tug-of-war between Robinhood and its investment bankers, reportedly led by Goldman Sachs. On the one hand, the bankers will want to keep the highest possible number of shares for their own clients, as they always do. "But Robinhood has lots of bargaining power with its underwriters," says Ritter. "This IPO could raise $3 billion. Even if Wall Street gets half, that's $1.5 billion in shares to distribute to the funds that give them the most business."

Wall Street has bargaining power as well––because the pricing apparently follows the pattern of traditional IPOs, if not more so. The bankers have a good shot at getting the broker to steeply underprice its offering, always a paramount objective. "In the pre-IPO negotiations, Robinhood won't want to push up the price because that would run the risk that its customers would lose money once the shares start trading," notes Ritter. "It's easier for the banks to the Robinhood executives not to raise the price that the underwriters propose." The lower the offering price, the bigger the first day bump. That outcome would be a winner both for the banks and funds, and for the Robinhood fans who bought what are likely to be super-cheap shares.

A huge "pop"

Robinhood is a cult phenomenon for small investors. Say its customers do get to buy half the shares issued in the offering. Ritter says it's unlikely those folks will purchase a lot more once it starts trading. "Retail investors are different from institutions," he says. "Big funds will buy more if their allocations are below the total they're seeking to hold in the long-run, or sell if they're not long-term holders. If retail investors get a certain number of shares in an IPO offering, they tend to keep them, and not jump into the market on opening day to buy more."

Once Robinhood debuts on Nasdaq, its shares should also prove a huge hit with the Main Street universe that doesn't trade at Robinhood, and may be thinking about it, or count themselves as foot soldiers of the revolution it's launched. "With Robinhood, you've got big name recognition with retail investors," says Ritter. He sees a strong possibility that a surge in Main Street buying pushes prices to heights "unhinged from fundamentals."

Short of a revolution

A huge, first day pop would be roundly cheered as a triumph for small investors. The rub is that the victory is limited to the Robinhood customers who got the same sweet deal as the big funds. All the other small fry would pay the what's likely to be the far higher price once the shares start trading. Robinhood would also be leaving tons of money "on the table" by underpricing the shares––hundreds or millions or more of foregone dollars that it could have put into its treasury. Its reported plan to develop an app allowing amateurs to buy shares at the pre-IPO underwriting price in other offerings is unlikely to succeed, since it will clash with Wall Street's desire to ensure that its own fat cats get the rich milk. "In the past, all the efforts to ensure large retail allocations have fallen on their face because the vested interests of the underwriters, hedge funds and big mutual funds are so hard to overcome," says Ritter.

The problem with the Robinhood paradigm, at least as reported, is that it hands down a quick score to Wall Street and Robinhood's clients, but "the rest of the retail world comes in at higher price. It's limited democracy where only certain people can vote," says Ritter.

To stand as a true revolutionary, Robinhood should do a "direct listing," the the vehicle favored by Ritter and venture capitalists led by Bill Gurley of Benchmark. Spotify did a successful one in 2018, as did Slack the following year. In a direct listing, all investors seeking to buy—from hedge funds to the mom and pop contingent—send their bids to the exchange handling the offering before shares begin to trade.

The specialists at the NASDAQ or NYSE hold an auction in the early morning before the bell. The bidding is open to all participants, big and small. The price that establishes the balance between supply and demand is where the stock opens. You don't have the signature IPO issue of "excess demand," where the price is so low that funds put in orders for five times as many shares as they're allocated by the investment banks.

That price discovery process eliminates or minimizes the "pop." Retail investors who enter when trading starts purchase at almost exactly the same price as small and large investors who participated in the auction. The little guy gets just as good a deal as Wall Street's favorites. If Robinhood wants real IPO democracy, it should open the door so that all comers, not just its own customers and the Wall Street big shots, are welcome on the same terms.

Robinhood's proven brilliant at marshaling mass movements. Here's a chance to start a new one: Transforming the most elitist, non-egalitarian corner of our financial markets.

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