2月25日長期債券收益率的突然上漲向投資者發出了正式信號:如今,加息成為2021年最熱門的話題。10年期基準國債收益率在24小時內,從1.39%上漲至午后1.54%,相當于去年2月新冠疫情爆發之前的水平。華爾街對早已出現的上漲趨勢一直視而不見。但2月25日國債收益率的突然上漲卻帶來了恐慌,因為這可能預示著某件關鍵性的大事即將發生。至下午2點,標普500指數(S&P 500)下跌82點,跌幅為2.1%,納斯達克指數(Nasdaq)下跌3%。
債券收益率的一次性上漲并不可怕。但如果近期的上漲演變成長期趨勢,而且每天這種可能性都變得越來越高,屆時美國大盤股尤其是大盤科技股的超高估值將遭遇重創。Research Affiliates公司的首席投資官克里斯·布賴特曼說:“現在的問題是是否會出現拐點。利率最近一直在從更低水平向美聯儲(Federal Reserve)的目標利率水平轉移。現在,它終于達到了目標水平[基于預期通脹率],而且我們看到上漲的勢頭依舊強勁。如果這種勢頭持續下去,國債收益率將遠超過美聯儲的目標水平。”該公司負責管理1,450億美元共同基金和交易所交易基金(ETF)的投資策略。
這樣的結果極有可能讓目前的牛市戛然而止。
從2019年年末到去年4月中旬新冠疫情導致的經濟衰退最嚴重的時期,10年期國債(或長期債券)的收益率從1.88%暴跌到0.58%。之后雖然穩步上升,但到2020年年底依舊只有極低的0.93%。長期債券收益率逐漸上漲,直到2月25日超過1.5%,令投資者陷入恐慌。(由于債券收益率并不穩定,因此我們將基于1.5%的收益率進行分析。)當然,通貨膨脹是決定利率的主要因素。目前,消費者價格指數每年以1.4%的速度上漲。但長期債券收益率具有前瞻性:它所體現的并非今天的通脹水平,而是未來十年的預期通貨膨脹。
一個關鍵數字是10年期盈虧平衡通脹率(BEI)。BEI顯示的是投資者預測未來十年消費者價格指數的平均上升速度。BEI的變化軌跡或許是引起恐慌的原因:自去年5月中旬以來,BEI已經從1.1%提高到2.2%。
10年期國債收益率從去年夏天的約0.60%提高到1.5%,與收益率的所有變化一樣,這次變化也分為兩個部分:首先是BEI所體現的對通脹預期的變化,其次是“實際”或通脹調整利率的變化。這兩個因素都會對未來的股價產生顯著影響。10年期國債收益率上漲0.9%,超過一半發生在2021年的前幾周。我們看一下這兩個因素在這個過程中所發揮的作用。
到目前為止,最大的影響因素是預測通脹率的大幅上升。自7月以來,BEI從1.6%升至今天的2.2%。長期債券收益率0.9%的漲幅(從0.6%上漲到今天的1.5%)中,有三分之二來自BEI上升0.6%。另外0.3%來自“實際”利率的較小幅度上漲。(我們會看到實際利率從負利率上漲到更接近于零。)
更高通貨膨脹和實際利率恢復到近期水平,對股市而言都是壞消息。要注意,今天的CPI只有1.4%;問題是未來顯著升高的通貨膨脹。在2月24日的美國國會聽證會上,美聯儲主席杰羅姆·鮑威爾預測,到2023年之前,通脹率將維持在央行的目標2%甚至更低。但如果BEI預測是準確的,同期內物價壓力將持續攀升,而且如果未來十年平均通脹率維持在2.2%,但未來三年卻低于2%,市場會預測未來十年剩余時間的通脹率將始終高于2.2%。
目前的2.2%只代表了某一時刻的預測,并且已經比兩個月前提高了0.2%。現在的趨勢是通脹率將持續升高,將遠高于市場去年年末的預測。當然,專家多年來一直警告可能出現物價螺旋上漲,只是這種情況始終沒有出現。但這并不意味著它不會發生。物價上漲幅度超過3%將令股市面臨危險,而達到4%至5%則絕對是災難。布賴特曼指出:“歷史證明,波動性的高通脹區制與超低市盈率倍數密切相關。高通脹對股價絕對是壞消息。”快速上漲的物價會迫使美聯儲通過加息抑制經濟發展速度,而這會損害公司盈利。
布賴特曼認為,最好的結果是BEI“維持在2.2%”。現在的問題并不在于2.2%已經超過了美聯儲預測的長期理想水平;而在于這是一種強大的上升趨勢,如果這種趨勢持續下去,會導致通貨膨脹進入對股市極其危險的區間。
實際利率
第二個潛在危險是實際利率大幅上漲。這種結果發生的概率高于通脹率大幅上升,根本原因是:10年實際利率依舊維持在極低的負區間。布賴特曼稱:“人們一直通過對比股票收益率[超高市盈率的反面]與實際利率,將美國股市的高市盈率倍數合理化。”如果實際利率恢復到歷史正常水平,股市估值必定會大幅縮水。目前,長期債券的實際利率為-0.7%。1.5%的長期債券收益率減去2.2%的BEI(即預期通脹率),得出了這個數字。結果就是,由于超級安全的債券與通貨膨脹并不匹配,因此投資者愿意付出極高的價格購買風險更高的美國大盤股。
但在2019年1月,10年通脹調整利率為1.36%(BEI為1.7%,長期債券收益率為3.06%)。這一數字比今天的水平高出了兩個百分點。如果通脹調整利率恢復到2019年年初的水平,必定會壓低美股市盈率。
輕度通貨膨脹不會對股票估值產生太大影響。隨著勞動力和原材料成本上漲,公司通常會按相同比例提高價格。因此,公司銷售每輛汽車或每桶涂料的價格,基本會隨通貨膨脹波動。事實上,這些商品價格的上漲和下跌決定了CPI。但實際利率大幅上漲,會帶動所有價格上漲,這對股市是一個巨大的負面因素。它會提高“貼現率”,降低未來收益的價值。
2月12日,標普500指數收于3934點,創下歷史新高,根據公認會計準則歷史凈利潤(2019年年底疫情爆發之前的數據)計算,市盈率倍數高達28.2。根據《財富》雜志的計算,如果市盈率倍數保持不變,未來五年投資者只能夠獲得16%的預期未來利潤。未來有望實現84%的利潤,但基本要等到2031年之后。不出意外,光鮮亮麗的科技公司尤其依賴良好預期,因此這些公司最容易受到實際利率變化的影響。從蘋果(Apple)到PayPal,10家市值最高的公司市盈率倍數為46。按照我的計算,投資者將在未來五年甚至更長時間內實現約90%的利潤。
除了FAANG(即Facebook、蘋果、亞馬遜(Amazon)、Netflix、谷歌(Google))等公司以外,市場中其他股票的市盈率倍數也沒有低至24。其他240多只股票預計將在超過五年內實現77%的利潤。我們假設當前經濟緩慢復蘇的前景不變化。如果實際利率達到零,比今天的水平提高0.7個百分點,盡管依舊遠低于2019年年初的1.36%,但將使標普指數下跌超過18%,降至3150點。實際利率上漲到0.5%,將導致標普指數下跌25%。
當然,我們不確定實際利率是否會恢復到歷史平均水平。從長遠來看,實際利率會與GDP增長掛鉤,而且早在美聯儲于2019年年底采取緊急措施之前,實際利率正在回到正軌。當時,特朗普的關稅戰導致美國面臨經濟衰退的危險。樂觀的投資者堅持認為這種情況不可能發生。這也是為什么美聯儲的角色如此關鍵。布賴特曼表示:“美聯儲可能看到通脹率達到3%,但他們卻決定不要將借款利率提高到3%。于是美聯儲購買更長期限的債券,將10年期國債的收益率維持在1.5%或2.0%。”這項政策會讓實際利率接近當前水平,依舊在負區間,進而維持股市的高市盈率倍數。
在我看來,隨著美國解除封鎖,經濟恢復增長,最近實際利率上漲的勢頭可能會延續下去。美國國會預算辦公室(Congressional Budget Office)在2月初的一份報告中預測,通脹調整后收益率將從-0.7%到2024年左右提高到零,并在隨后幾年達到1.0%甚至更高水平。長期債券的收益率已經超出了美聯儲發布預測時的水平。問題在于,美國大盤股暴跌并不需要利率一定要恢復到“正常”水平。標普500指數目前已經估值過高,因此只要利率有小幅上調,就會給該指數帶來重創。投資者需要注意的是,雖然新常態看上去比舊常態更美好,但這依然可能令股市暴跌!(財富中文網)
翻譯:劉進龍
審校:汪皓
2月25日長期債券收益率的突然上漲向投資者發出了正式信號:如今,加息成為2021年最熱門的話題。10年期基準國債收益率在24小時內,從1.39%上漲至午后1.54%,相當于去年2月新冠疫情爆發之前的水平。華爾街對早已出現的上漲趨勢一直視而不見。但2月25日國債收益率的突然上漲卻帶來了恐慌,因為這可能預示著某件關鍵性的大事即將發生。至下午2點,標普500指數(S&P 500)下跌82點,跌幅為2.1%,納斯達克指數(Nasdaq)下跌3%。
債券收益率的一次性上漲并不可怕。但如果近期的上漲演變成長期趨勢,而且每天這種可能性都變得越來越高,屆時美國大盤股尤其是大盤科技股的超高估值將遭遇重創。Research Affiliates公司的首席投資官克里斯·布賴特曼說:“現在的問題是是否會出現拐點。利率最近一直在從更低水平向美聯儲(Federal Reserve)的目標利率水平轉移。現在,它終于達到了目標水平[基于預期通脹率],而且我們看到上漲的勢頭依舊強勁。如果這種勢頭持續下去,國債收益率將遠超過美聯儲的目標水平。”該公司負責管理1,450億美元共同基金和交易所交易基金(ETF)的投資策略。
這樣的結果極有可能讓目前的牛市戛然而止。
從2019年年末到去年4月中旬新冠疫情導致的經濟衰退最嚴重的時期,10年期國債(或長期債券)的收益率從1.88%暴跌到0.58%。之后雖然穩步上升,但到2020年年底依舊只有極低的0.93%。長期債券收益率逐漸上漲,直到2月25日超過1.5%,令投資者陷入恐慌。(由于債券收益率并不穩定,因此我們將基于1.5%的收益率進行分析。)當然,通貨膨脹是決定利率的主要因素。目前,消費者價格指數每年以1.4%的速度上漲。但長期債券收益率具有前瞻性:它所體現的并非今天的通脹水平,而是未來十年的預期通貨膨脹。
一個關鍵數字是10年期盈虧平衡通脹率(BEI)。BEI顯示的是投資者預測未來十年消費者價格指數的平均上升速度。BEI的變化軌跡或許是引起恐慌的原因:自去年5月中旬以來,BEI已經從1.1%提高到2.2%。
10年期國債收益率從去年夏天的約0.60%提高到1.5%,與收益率的所有變化一樣,這次變化也分為兩個部分:首先是BEI所體現的對通脹預期的變化,其次是“實際”或通脹調整利率的變化。這兩個因素都會對未來的股價產生顯著影響。10年期國債收益率上漲0.9%,超過一半發生在2021年的前幾周。我們看一下這兩個因素在這個過程中所發揮的作用。
到目前為止,最大的影響因素是預測通脹率的大幅上升。自7月以來,BEI從1.6%升至今天的2.2%。長期債券收益率0.9%的漲幅(從0.6%上漲到今天的1.5%)中,有三分之二來自BEI上升0.6%。另外0.3%來自“實際”利率的較小幅度上漲。(我們會看到實際利率從負利率上漲到更接近于零。)
更高通貨膨脹和實際利率恢復到近期水平,對股市而言都是壞消息。要注意,今天的CPI只有1.4%;問題是未來顯著升高的通貨膨脹。在2月24日的美國國會聽證會上,美聯儲主席杰羅姆·鮑威爾預測,到2023年之前,通脹率將維持在央行的目標2%甚至更低。但如果BEI預測是準確的,同期內物價壓力將持續攀升,而且如果未來十年平均通脹率維持在2.2%,但未來三年卻低于2%,市場會預測未來十年剩余時間的通脹率將始終高于2.2%。
目前的2.2%只代表了某一時刻的預測,并且已經比兩個月前提高了0.2%。現在的趨勢是通脹率將持續升高,將遠高于市場去年年末的預測。當然,專家多年來一直警告可能出現物價螺旋上漲,只是這種情況始終沒有出現。但這并不意味著它不會發生。物價上漲幅度超過3%將令股市面臨危險,而達到4%至5%則絕對是災難。布賴特曼指出:“歷史證明,波動性的高通脹區制與超低市盈率倍數密切相關。高通脹對股價絕對是壞消息。”快速上漲的物價會迫使美聯儲通過加息抑制經濟發展速度,而這會損害公司盈利。
布賴特曼認為,最好的結果是BEI“維持在2.2%”。現在的問題并不在于2.2%已經超過了美聯儲預測的長期理想水平;而在于這是一種強大的上升趨勢,如果這種趨勢持續下去,會導致通貨膨脹進入對股市極其危險的區間。
實際利率
第二個潛在危險是實際利率大幅上漲。這種結果發生的概率高于通脹率大幅上升,根本原因是:10年實際利率依舊維持在極低的負區間。布賴特曼稱:“人們一直通過對比股票收益率[超高市盈率的反面]與實際利率,將美國股市的高市盈率倍數合理化。”如果實際利率恢復到歷史正常水平,股市估值必定會大幅縮水。目前,長期債券的實際利率為-0.7%。1.5%的長期債券收益率減去2.2%的BEI(即預期通脹率),得出了這個數字。結果就是,由于超級安全的債券與通貨膨脹并不匹配,因此投資者愿意付出極高的價格購買風險更高的美國大盤股。
但在2019年1月,10年通脹調整利率為1.36%(BEI為1.7%,長期債券收益率為3.06%)。這一數字比今天的水平高出了兩個百分點。如果通脹調整利率恢復到2019年年初的水平,必定會壓低美股市盈率。
輕度通貨膨脹不會對股票估值產生太大影響。隨著勞動力和原材料成本上漲,公司通常會按相同比例提高價格。因此,公司銷售每輛汽車或每桶涂料的價格,基本會隨通貨膨脹波動。事實上,這些商品價格的上漲和下跌決定了CPI。但實際利率大幅上漲,會帶動所有價格上漲,這對股市是一個巨大的負面因素。它會提高“貼現率”,降低未來收益的價值。
2月12日,標普500指數收于3934點,創下歷史新高,根據公認會計準則歷史凈利潤(2019年年底疫情爆發之前的數據)計算,市盈率倍數高達28.2。根據《財富》雜志的計算,如果市盈率倍數保持不變,未來五年投資者只能夠獲得16%的預期未來利潤。未來有望實現84%的利潤,但基本要等到2031年之后。不出意外,光鮮亮麗的科技公司尤其依賴良好預期,因此這些公司最容易受到實際利率變化的影響。從蘋果(Apple)到PayPal,10家市值最高的公司市盈率倍數為46。按照我的計算,投資者將在未來五年甚至更長時間內實現約90%的利潤。
除了FAANG(即Facebook、蘋果、亞馬遜(Amazon)、Netflix、谷歌(Google))等公司以外,市場中其他股票的市盈率倍數也沒有低至24。其他240多只股票預計將在超過五年內實現77%的利潤。我們假設當前經濟緩慢復蘇的前景不變化。如果實際利率達到零,比今天的水平提高0.7個百分點,盡管依舊遠低于2019年年初的1.36%,但將使標普指數下跌超過18%,降至3150點。實際利率上漲到0.5%,將導致標普指數下跌25%。
當然,我們不確定實際利率是否會恢復到歷史平均水平。從長遠來看,實際利率會與GDP增長掛鉤,而且早在美聯儲于2019年年底采取緊急措施之前,實際利率正在回到正軌。當時,特朗普的關稅戰導致美國面臨經濟衰退的危險。樂觀的投資者堅持認為這種情況不可能發生。這也是為什么美聯儲的角色如此關鍵。布賴特曼表示:“美聯儲可能看到通脹率達到3%,但他們卻決定不要將借款利率提高到3%。于是美聯儲購買更長期限的債券,將10年期國債的收益率維持在1.5%或2.0%。”這項政策會讓實際利率接近當前水平,依舊在負區間,進而維持股市的高市盈率倍數。
在我看來,隨著美國解除封鎖,經濟恢復增長,最近實際利率上漲的勢頭可能會延續下去。美國國會預算辦公室(Congressional Budget Office)在2月初的一份報告中預測,通脹調整后收益率將從-0.7%到2024年左右提高到零,并在隨后幾年達到1.0%甚至更高水平。長期債券的收益率已經超出了美聯儲發布預測時的水平。問題在于,美國大盤股暴跌并不需要利率一定要恢復到“正常”水平。標普500指數目前已經估值過高,因此只要利率有小幅上調,就會給該指數帶來重創。投資者需要注意的是,雖然新常態看上去比舊常態更美好,但這依然可能令股市暴跌!(財富中文網)
翻譯:劉進龍
審校:汪皓
The sudden jump in the long bond yield on Feb. 25 made it official: Rising interest rates are now the top market story of 2021. In a 24-hour span, the yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury surged from 1.39% to as high as 1.54% by early afternoon, matching its pre-pandemic level of last February. Wall Street had been pretty much ignoring the uptrend already underway. But the February 25 spike brought fears that this may be the start of something big, front, and center. By 2 p.m., the S&P 500 had shed 82 points or 2.1%, while the Nasdaq took a 3% hit.
The rise isn't terribly troubling—yet. But if the recent leap evolves into a durable trend, and it's looking more that way every day, the super-high valuations for U.S. big-caps, and especially Big Tech, will take a Big Hit. "The issue now is whether we've reached an inflection point," says Chris Brightman, chief investment officer at Research Affiliates, a firm that oversees strategies for $145 billion in mutual funds and ETFs. "Until recently, rates were going from below the Fed's target toward the target. Now they've reached that target [based on expected inflation], and we're still seeing strong upward momentum. If the momentum continues, yields could go well above the Fed's target."
That's the outcome most likely to puncture the current bull market.
From the close of 2019 to the depths of the COVID-driven recession in mid-April of last year, yields on the 10-year (or long bond) shrank from 1.88% to 0.58%. They climbed back steadily to reach a still extraordinarily low 0.93% at the end of 2020. It marched upward at a steady pace, then freaked investors by vaulting to over 1.5% on Feb. 25. (Since the bond’s rate is in flux, we'll base this analysis on a yield of 1.5%.) Of course, inflation's a major force to setting interest rates. Right now, the consumer price index is increasing at a 1.4% annual rate. But the long bond yield is forward-looking: It reflects not today's inflation, but expected inflation over the next decade.
The pivotal number is the 10-year breakeven inflation rate. The BEI shows the pace investors forecast the CPI to be setting, on average, over the next decade. It's the BEI's trajectory that's a potential cause for alarm: Since mid-May of last year, it has accelerated from 1.1% to 2.2%.
The 10-year Treasury's rise from around 0.60% last summer to 1.5%, like all shifts in the yield, came in two parts. The first is the change in the outlook for inflation, as reflected in the BEI. The second is the move in the "real" or inflation-adjusted rate. The course of both components strongly influences future stock prices. So let's examine the role each played in that 0.9% rise in 10-year Treasury yields, more than half of which arrived in the early weeks of 2021.
So far, the biggest factor has been a sharp uptick in projected inflation. Since July, the BEI has advanced from 1.6% to today's 2.2%. That 0.6% move accounts for two-thirds of the rise in the long bond yield of 0.9% (from 0.6% to today's 1.5%). The additional 0.3% comes from a lesser increase in the "real" rate. (As we'll see, from one negative number to a lesser minus number.)
Both a reset to much higher inflation and a return to the real rates of the recent past are bad news for stocks. Keep in mind that the CPI is today waxing at just 1.4%; the problem is the substantially higher inflation on the horizon. In congressional testimony on Feb. 24, Fed Chairman Jerome Powell predicted that inflation will remain at or below the central bank's target of 2% through 2023. But if the BEI forecasts are correct, price pressures will be building over that period, and if inflation averages 2.2% over the next decade and runs under 2% for the next three years, markets are predicting that it will hover well above 2.2% for the remainder of the decade.
The current 2.2% number also represents forecasts at a moment in time, and it's already 0.2% higher than two months ago. The trend is toward much higher inflation than markets were anticipating even late last year. Of course, experts have been warning for years of a looming price spiral that hasn't materialized. But that doesn't mean it can't happen. Prices running hot at over 3% would begin to spell danger for stocks, and anything from 4% to 5% would prove an absolute disaster. "History demonstrates that a high and volatile inflation regime is associated with very low price/earnings multiples," says Brightman. "High inflation is an unambiguous negative for stock prices." Fast-rising prices would force the Fed to throttle the economic engine by raising rates, a move that would hammer corporate profits.
For Brightman, the best outcome would be for the BEI to "flatline at 2.2%." The problem now isn't the 2.2% that already exceeds the Fed's long-run ideal; it's the powerful uptrend, that if it persists, would push inflation into the red zone for equities.
Real rates
The second potential peril is a significant rise in real rates. That outcome carries higher odds than a big spike in inflation, for a basic reason: The real rate on the 10-year remains stuck in deep, minus territory. "People have been rationalizing the high multiples in the U.S. market by comparing the earnings yield on stock [the inverse of the extremely high P/Es] with real rates," says Brightman. If real rates return to anything like their historic norm, valuations are almost certain suffer a big shrink. Right now, the real rate on the long bond stands at –0.7%. That's the difference between 1.5% yield and the 2.2% BEI figure for expected inflation. The upshot is that because supersafe bonds don't even match inflation, investors are willing to pay super-high prices for their riskier rivals, U.S. big-cap stocks.
But as recently as January 2019, the 10-year inflation-adjusted rate was a positive 1.36% (BEI at 1.7% and long bond at 3.06%). That's over two points higher than today. A return back to those levels would likely crush P/Es.
Moderate inflation doesn’t much affect valuations. As labor and materials costs rise, companies simply generally increase their prices by about the same amount. Hence, their revenues for each car or can of paint they sell pretty much track with inflation—in fact, the ebb and flow of their prices determine the CPI. But a big increase in real rates, all other things being equal, is a big negative for stocks. It drives up the “discount” rate and makes future earnings less valuable.
At its record close of 3934 on Feb. 12, the S&P 500 fetched a lofty P/E of 28.2, based on GAAP trailing net profits—that's the pre-pandemic figure at the end of 2019. By Fortune’s calculations, if multiples stay there, investors will be getting just 16% of projected future profits over the next five years. Eighty-four percent will come in the future, and most of that after 2031. Unsurprisingly, the glamour tech names are especially dependent on great expectations, and hence most vulnerable to shifts in the real rate. For the 10 with the biggest market caps, ranging from Apple at the top to PayPal at the bottom, investors are paying a multiple of 46. By my reckoning, they expect almost 90% of their profits to materialize five years or more into the future.
The non-FAANG-plus part of the market isn't cheap either at a 24 P/E. Those other 240 odd stocks are expected to deliver 77% of their profits in more than five years. Let's assume the current outlook for a slow recovery remains about the same. Getting to a real rate of zero, which would be 0.7 points higher than today's, but far less than the positive 1.36% in early 2019, would hammer the S&P by over 18%, pushing the index to 3150. A real rate that waxes to just 0.5% could hammer the index by 25%.
Of course, we don't know if real rates will return to anything like their historic averages. Over long periods, they tend to track GDP growth, and they were getting back on that track before the Fed took emergency action in late 2019, when the Trump tariffs threatened a recession. The bulls insist it can't happen. This is why the Fed's role is so crucial. "The Fed could see inflation going to 3%, but decides it doesn't want borrowing rates to go to 3%," says Brightman. "So it buys bonds at longer maturities to hold the 10-year Treasury at 1.5% or 2.0%." That policy would keep real rates near where they are now, in the minus zone, and keep multiples rich.
For my money, the recent rise in real rates is likely to continue as the U.S. exits the lockdown and the economy expands. In a report from early February, the Congressional Budget Office was predicting that the inflation-adjusted yield will go from minus 0.7% to zero around 2024, and hit 1.0% and rising in the years that follow. The long bond is already yielding more than when the Fed issued the forecast. The rub is that rates don't have to return to "normal" for U.S. big-caps to suffer a significant decline. The S&P 500 is so pricey that it will just take a modest rise to do significant damage. When returning to a new normal that looks a lot better than the old normal is still destined to send stocks reeling, investor beware!