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5G會(huì)導(dǎo)致或傳播新冠病毒嗎?聽(tīng)聽(tīng)專(zhuān)家怎么說(shuō)

Aaron Pressman
2020-04-09

一些人聲稱(chēng),5G無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)可能削弱了人類(lèi)的免疫系統(tǒng),從而使我們更容易感染冠狀病毒。

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一些陰謀論者最近在網(wǎng)上宣稱(chēng),5G無(wú)線(xiàn)服務(wù)與新型冠狀病毒的爆發(fā)密切相關(guān)。盡管科學(xué)家明確表示,這項(xiàng)無(wú)線(xiàn)通信技術(shù)和新冠疫情沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系,但這些陰謀論終究在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界釀成了一些可怕的后果。上周,英國(guó)的縱火犯點(diǎn)燃了伯明翰、利物浦和默西塞德郡的5G信號(hào)發(fā)射塔,并把這些破壞行為的視頻上傳到社交媒體。

盡管這些陰謀論實(shí)在是不值一駁,但一場(chǎng)更具理性的大規(guī)模辯論仍在持續(xù)進(jìn)行中。爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)是,無(wú)線(xiàn)電話(huà)設(shè)備究竟對(duì)人類(lèi)健康有何影響。

移動(dòng)電話(huà)和手機(jī)信號(hào)塔以遠(yuǎn)低于X射線(xiàn)和紫外線(xiàn)的頻率傳輸無(wú)線(xiàn)電信號(hào)。X射線(xiàn)和紫外線(xiàn)的強(qiáng)度足以破壞人體細(xì)胞和DNA,屬于電離輻射。而較低的波段,包含AM收音機(jī)、手機(jī)和微波爐等所有日常用品在內(nèi),被歸類(lèi)為非電離輻射,不會(huì)直接傷害DNA。它們一直被認(rèn)為是無(wú)害的,除非你腦洞大開(kāi),近距離地給電池加熱。

這是數(shù)十億人開(kāi)始對(duì)手機(jī)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重依賴(lài),幾乎不間斷地使用無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)之前的事情。迄今為止,對(duì)手機(jī)的科學(xué)研究提供了一個(gè)大體上令人放心的觀點(diǎn)。美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局、國(guó)家癌癥研究所和聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)等國(guó)家級(jí)權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,考慮到業(yè)已到位的輻射安全限制,使用手機(jī)幾乎沒(méi)有任何健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

但這并沒(méi)有阻止一些城市和國(guó)家以健康顧慮為由,放緩甚至禁止安裝5G設(shè)備。一些華爾街分析師表示,這種擔(dān)憂(yōu)可能會(huì)對(duì)那些指望5G來(lái)提振銷(xiāo)售業(yè)績(jī)的公司造成實(shí)質(zhì)性影響。

為此,《財(cái)富》邀請(qǐng)業(yè)內(nèi)專(zhuān)家逐一解答人們最關(guān)心的無(wú)線(xiàn)技術(shù)安全問(wèn)題。

5G會(huì)導(dǎo)致或傳播新冠病毒嗎?

《財(cái)富》雜志采訪(fǎng)的每一位科學(xué)家和醫(yī)生都表示,5G與冠狀病毒的關(guān)系非常簡(jiǎn)單明了。他們篤信,5G和這種被稱(chēng)為COVID-19的新型冠狀病毒之間根本沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。無(wú)線(xiàn)技術(shù)不可能導(dǎo)致某種病毒突變成致命的流行病,無(wú)線(xiàn)電波也不可能傳播病毒。正如英國(guó)國(guó)家醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系(NHS)醫(yī)療總監(jiān)斯蒂芬·鮑威斯所說(shuō),“這完全是一派胡言。”

一些人聲稱(chēng),5G無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)可能削弱了人類(lèi)的免疫系統(tǒng),從而使我們更容易感染冠狀病毒。生物學(xué)家埃里克·范榮根表示,這種理論“毫無(wú)依據(jù)可言”。數(shù)十年來(lái),他一直在潛心研究電磁場(chǎng)對(duì)健康的影響,目前擔(dān)任國(guó)際非電離輻射保護(hù)委員會(huì)(ICNIRP)主席。這家非營(yíng)利性組織成立于上世紀(jì)90年代,專(zhuān)門(mén)就這一問(wèn)題向決策者提供科學(xué)建議。

“沒(méi)有科學(xué)研究表明5G或任何其他無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)會(huì)影響免疫系統(tǒng),”他說(shuō)。“倘若如此,我們?cè)缭趲资昵熬蜁?huì)目睹規(guī)模和慘烈程度堪比這波新冠疫情的傳染性疾病了。但我們并沒(méi)有看到這一幕。”

加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校流行病學(xué)教授利卡·凱費(fèi)茨補(bǔ)充說(shuō),隨著各國(guó)為抗擊疫情紛紛采取封鎖措施,無(wú)線(xiàn)技術(shù)總體上是有益于社會(huì)的。凱費(fèi)茨曾經(jīng)專(zhuān)門(mén)研究過(guò)手機(jī)對(duì)健康的影響。無(wú)線(xiàn)設(shè)備“讓更多人得以居家工作,從而讓社交距離成為可能。這些設(shè)備也有助于人們與親戚朋友保持聯(lián)系,讓社交距離變得不那么難以忍受。”她說(shuō)。

手機(jī)會(huì)致癌嗎?

大約9年前,世界衛(wèi)生組織將手機(jī)使用的無(wú)線(xiàn)電頻率列為“可能致癌物”。2011年發(fā)布的這項(xiàng)法令基于早期的研究成果,即一些手機(jī)用戶(hù)罹患一種名為神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤的腦癌的幾率高于正常情況。迄今已有300多種物質(zhì)被世衛(wèi)組織列為“可能致癌物”,其中包括蘆薈提取物、傳統(tǒng)的亞洲腌菜和干洗煙霧。

然而,隨后的研究并沒(méi)有證明這種聯(lián)系,也沒(méi)有促使世衛(wèi)組織將手機(jī)升級(jí)到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高的類(lèi)別。

在今年2月份發(fā)表的一份報(bào)告中,美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局對(duì)2008年至2018年所有相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行了一番回顧,并總結(jié)稱(chēng):“沒(méi)有一致或可信的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明,暴露在手機(jī)發(fā)射的射頻能量下,會(huì)導(dǎo)致健康問(wèn)題。”同樣,聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)也表示:“迄今為止的科學(xué)證據(jù),并不支持手機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)人類(lèi)健康產(chǎn)生不利影響這種說(shuō)法。”一份發(fā)布于國(guó)家癌癥研究所官網(wǎng),旨在揭示手機(jī)健康問(wèn)題的長(zhǎng)篇研究報(bào)告指出:“就使用手機(jī)而言,最常見(jiàn)的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)莫過(guò)于分心駕駛和交通事故。”

考慮這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的另一種方法是,觀察普通人群可能因使用手機(jī)導(dǎo)致的腦癌和其他疾病發(fā)病率。對(duì)癌癥趨勢(shì)的大型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),手機(jī)使用量的大幅增加并沒(méi)有導(dǎo)致癌癥發(fā)病率上升。例如,臨床觀察到的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)病率“保持在相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的水平上”,供職于休斯敦貝勒醫(yī)學(xué)院的資深癌癥流行病學(xué)家奎恩·奧斯特羅姆這樣說(shuō)道。“如果使用手機(jī)會(huì)增加患腦瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),諸如此類(lèi)的腫瘤發(fā)病率理應(yīng)顯著上升,但事實(shí)并非如此。”

難道就沒(méi)有研究表明手機(jī)輻射與癌癥有關(guān)嗎?

醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)家和權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)審閱的研究報(bào)告,確實(shí)包含一些令人不安的發(fā)現(xiàn)。但這些研究都帶有局限性,有的甚至存在嚴(yán)重缺陷。

就細(xì)致程度而言,在所有宣稱(chēng)手機(jī)存在致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究中,隸屬于美國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生研究院的國(guó)家毒理學(xué)計(jì)劃(NTP)于2018年完成的研究頗具代表性。這項(xiàng)研究讓大鼠和小鼠連續(xù)幾年每天接受長(zhǎng)達(dá)9小時(shí)的手機(jī)信號(hào)。盡管小鼠和雌性大鼠并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)足以引起警覺(jué)的癥狀,但雄性大鼠的心腦腫瘤發(fā)病率明顯升高。更令人不安的是,這些老鼠患上的腫瘤類(lèi)型,跟斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家早前研究人類(lèi)癌癥和使用手機(jī)的關(guān)系時(shí)所發(fā)現(xiàn)的腫瘤高度相似。

“我們最初研究的問(wèn)題是,從生物學(xué)的角度看,使用手機(jī)究竟有沒(méi)有致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),動(dòng)物患上這些腫瘤的可能性是存在的,”參與該研究的NTP資深科學(xué)家約翰·布赫表示。“但我們的研究是在非常特殊的條件下進(jìn)行的。”

在每天18個(gè)小時(shí)的清醒時(shí)間內(nèi),這些大鼠有9個(gè)小時(shí)都在接受大而穩(wěn)定的手機(jī)信號(hào)輻射。他說(shuō):“必須指出的是,這并不直接適用于人類(lèi)使用手機(jī)的方式,但它確實(shí)提出了一些我們必須注意的問(wèn)題。”NTP正在利用設(shè)計(jì)得更加細(xì)致的研究項(xiàng)目來(lái)探查這一問(wèn)題。

加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的流行病學(xué)家凱費(fèi)茨說(shuō),NTP的研究有些令人擔(dān)憂(yōu),但使用無(wú)線(xiàn)技術(shù)的總體好處仍然大于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。盡管如此,她仍然同意布赫的觀點(diǎn),即“學(xué)術(shù)界需要加強(qiáng)對(duì)手機(jī)潛在健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究,而不僅僅是癌癥。”

5G會(huì)帶來(lái)獨(dú)特的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)嗎?

5G使用的一些波段與4G和早期移動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)有所不同。新的5G頻段被稱(chēng)為毫米波頻段,其傳輸距離不及4G頻段,這一特點(diǎn)已經(jīng)促使無(wú)線(xiàn)通訊行業(yè)在主要城區(qū)部署了數(shù)萬(wàn)個(gè)較小的蜂窩基站。

然而,對(duì)這類(lèi)輻射的研究并沒(méi)有顯示出任何獨(dú)特的危險(xiǎn)。以確定手機(jī)輻射安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)著稱(chēng)的國(guó)際非電離輻射防護(hù)委員會(huì),最近發(fā)布了一些針對(duì)5G技術(shù)的新建議。這些建議與它在1998年發(fā)布的手機(jī)指南大體相似。其主席埃里克·范榮根表示,該組織審閱了學(xué)術(shù)界近年來(lái)對(duì)所有不良健康影響的研究。

“大量的科學(xué)研究表明,只要遵守手機(jī)輻射安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn),5G信號(hào)就不會(huì)造成傷害,”新西蘭梅西大學(xué)研究員法拉茲·哈桑補(bǔ)充說(shuō)。他專(zhuān)門(mén)研究過(guò)5G技術(shù)對(duì)健康的影響。

怎樣使用手機(jī)才是安全的?

鑒于一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了很小程度的致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn),關(guān)心手機(jī)使用安全的用戶(hù)可以采取一些預(yù)防措施來(lái)盡可能地減少輻射。布赫指出,哪怕稍稍離手機(jī)遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn),其輻射影響也會(huì)迅速減弱。

他說(shuō):“最簡(jiǎn)單的方法就是不要把手機(jī)放在身體附近,不要放在頭旁邊或口袋里。”布赫建議用戶(hù)接聽(tīng)電話(huà)時(shí),讓手機(jī)離耳朵稍微遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn),最好戴上耳機(jī),不要把手機(jī)放在褲兜里。“跟手機(jī)保持一定的距離,哪怕只有幾英寸遠(yuǎn),也有益健康。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:任文科

一些陰謀論者最近在網(wǎng)上宣稱(chēng),5G無(wú)線(xiàn)服務(wù)與新型冠狀病毒的爆發(fā)密切相關(guān)。盡管科學(xué)家明確表示,這項(xiàng)無(wú)線(xiàn)通信技術(shù)和新冠疫情沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系,但這些陰謀論終究在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界釀成了一些可怕的后果。上周,英國(guó)的縱火犯點(diǎn)燃了伯明翰、利物浦和默西塞德郡的5G信號(hào)發(fā)射塔,并把這些破壞行為的視頻上傳到社交媒體。

盡管這些陰謀論實(shí)在是不值一駁,但一場(chǎng)更具理性的大規(guī)模辯論仍在持續(xù)進(jìn)行中。爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)是,無(wú)線(xiàn)電話(huà)設(shè)備究竟對(duì)人類(lèi)健康有何影響。

移動(dòng)電話(huà)和手機(jī)信號(hào)塔以遠(yuǎn)低于X射線(xiàn)和紫外線(xiàn)的頻率傳輸無(wú)線(xiàn)電信號(hào)。X射線(xiàn)和紫外線(xiàn)的強(qiáng)度足以破壞人體細(xì)胞和DNA,屬于電離輻射。而較低的波段,包含AM收音機(jī)、手機(jī)和微波爐等所有日常用品在內(nèi),被歸類(lèi)為非電離輻射,不會(huì)直接傷害DNA。它們一直被認(rèn)為是無(wú)害的,除非你腦洞大開(kāi),近距離地給電池加熱。

這是數(shù)十億人開(kāi)始對(duì)手機(jī)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重依賴(lài),幾乎不間斷地使用無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)之前的事情。迄今為止,對(duì)手機(jī)的科學(xué)研究提供了一個(gè)大體上令人放心的觀點(diǎn)。美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局、國(guó)家癌癥研究所和聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)等國(guó)家級(jí)權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,考慮到業(yè)已到位的輻射安全限制,使用手機(jī)幾乎沒(méi)有任何健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

但這并沒(méi)有阻止一些城市和國(guó)家以健康顧慮為由,放緩甚至禁止安裝5G設(shè)備。一些華爾街分析師表示,這種擔(dān)憂(yōu)可能會(huì)對(duì)那些指望5G來(lái)提振銷(xiāo)售業(yè)績(jī)的公司造成實(shí)質(zhì)性影響。

為此,《財(cái)富》邀請(qǐng)業(yè)內(nèi)專(zhuān)家逐一解答人們最關(guān)心的無(wú)線(xiàn)技術(shù)安全問(wèn)題。

5G會(huì)導(dǎo)致或傳播新冠病毒嗎?

《財(cái)富》雜志采訪(fǎng)的每一位科學(xué)家和醫(yī)生都表示,5G與冠狀病毒的關(guān)系非常簡(jiǎn)單明了。他們篤信,5G和這種被稱(chēng)為COVID-19的新型冠狀病毒之間根本沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。無(wú)線(xiàn)技術(shù)不可能導(dǎo)致某種病毒突變成致命的流行病,無(wú)線(xiàn)電波也不可能傳播病毒。正如英國(guó)國(guó)家醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系(NHS)醫(yī)療總監(jiān)斯蒂芬·鮑威斯所說(shuō),“這完全是一派胡言。”

一些人聲稱(chēng),5G無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)可能削弱了人類(lèi)的免疫系統(tǒng),從而使我們更容易感染冠狀病毒。生物學(xué)家埃里克·范榮根表示,這種理論“毫無(wú)依據(jù)可言”。數(shù)十年來(lái),他一直在潛心研究電磁場(chǎng)對(duì)健康的影響,目前擔(dān)任國(guó)際非電離輻射保護(hù)委員會(huì)(ICNIRP)主席。這家非營(yíng)利性組織成立于上世紀(jì)90年代,專(zhuān)門(mén)就這一問(wèn)題向決策者提供科學(xué)建議。

“沒(méi)有科學(xué)研究表明5G或任何其他無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)會(huì)影響免疫系統(tǒng),”他說(shuō)。“倘若如此,我們?cè)缭趲资昵熬蜁?huì)目睹規(guī)模和慘烈程度堪比這波新冠疫情的傳染性疾病了。但我們并沒(méi)有看到這一幕。”

加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校流行病學(xué)教授利卡·凱費(fèi)茨補(bǔ)充說(shuō),隨著各國(guó)為抗擊疫情紛紛采取封鎖措施,無(wú)線(xiàn)技術(shù)總體上是有益于社會(huì)的。凱費(fèi)茨曾經(jīng)專(zhuān)門(mén)研究過(guò)手機(jī)對(duì)健康的影響。無(wú)線(xiàn)設(shè)備“讓更多人得以居家工作,從而讓社交距離成為可能。這些設(shè)備也有助于人們與親戚朋友保持聯(lián)系,讓社交距離變得不那么難以忍受。”她說(shuō)。

手機(jī)會(huì)致癌嗎?

大約9年前,世界衛(wèi)生組織將手機(jī)使用的無(wú)線(xiàn)電頻率列為“可能致癌物”。2011年發(fā)布的這項(xiàng)法令基于早期的研究成果,即一些手機(jī)用戶(hù)罹患一種名為神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤的腦癌的幾率高于正常情況。迄今已有300多種物質(zhì)被世衛(wèi)組織列為“可能致癌物”,其中包括蘆薈提取物、傳統(tǒng)的亞洲腌菜和干洗煙霧。

然而,隨后的研究并沒(méi)有證明這種聯(lián)系,也沒(méi)有促使世衛(wèi)組織將手機(jī)升級(jí)到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高的類(lèi)別。

在今年2月份發(fā)表的一份報(bào)告中,美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局對(duì)2008年至2018年所有相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行了一番回顧,并總結(jié)稱(chēng):“沒(méi)有一致或可信的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明,暴露在手機(jī)發(fā)射的射頻能量下,會(huì)導(dǎo)致健康問(wèn)題。”同樣,聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)也表示:“迄今為止的科學(xué)證據(jù),并不支持手機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)人類(lèi)健康產(chǎn)生不利影響這種說(shuō)法。”一份發(fā)布于國(guó)家癌癥研究所官網(wǎng),旨在揭示手機(jī)健康問(wèn)題的長(zhǎng)篇研究報(bào)告指出:“就使用手機(jī)而言,最常見(jiàn)的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)莫過(guò)于分心駕駛和交通事故。”

考慮這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的另一種方法是,觀察普通人群可能因使用手機(jī)導(dǎo)致的腦癌和其他疾病發(fā)病率。對(duì)癌癥趨勢(shì)的大型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),手機(jī)使用量的大幅增加并沒(méi)有導(dǎo)致癌癥發(fā)病率上升。例如,臨床觀察到的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)病率“保持在相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的水平上”,供職于休斯敦貝勒醫(yī)學(xué)院的資深癌癥流行病學(xué)家奎恩·奧斯特羅姆這樣說(shuō)道。“如果使用手機(jī)會(huì)增加患腦瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),諸如此類(lèi)的腫瘤發(fā)病率理應(yīng)顯著上升,但事實(shí)并非如此。”

難道就沒(méi)有研究表明手機(jī)輻射與癌癥有關(guān)嗎?

醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)家和權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)審閱的研究報(bào)告,確實(shí)包含一些令人不安的發(fā)現(xiàn)。但這些研究都帶有局限性,有的甚至存在嚴(yán)重缺陷。

就細(xì)致程度而言,在所有宣稱(chēng)手機(jī)存在致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究中,隸屬于美國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生研究院的國(guó)家毒理學(xué)計(jì)劃(NTP)于2018年完成的研究頗具代表性。這項(xiàng)研究讓大鼠和小鼠連續(xù)幾年每天接受長(zhǎng)達(dá)9小時(shí)的手機(jī)信號(hào)。盡管小鼠和雌性大鼠并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)足以引起警覺(jué)的癥狀,但雄性大鼠的心腦腫瘤發(fā)病率明顯升高。更令人不安的是,這些老鼠患上的腫瘤類(lèi)型,跟斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家早前研究人類(lèi)癌癥和使用手機(jī)的關(guān)系時(shí)所發(fā)現(xiàn)的腫瘤高度相似。

“我們最初研究的問(wèn)題是,從生物學(xué)的角度看,使用手機(jī)究竟有沒(méi)有致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),動(dòng)物患上這些腫瘤的可能性是存在的,”參與該研究的NTP資深科學(xué)家約翰·布赫表示。“但我們的研究是在非常特殊的條件下進(jìn)行的。”

在每天18個(gè)小時(shí)的清醒時(shí)間內(nèi),這些大鼠有9個(gè)小時(shí)都在接受大而穩(wěn)定的手機(jī)信號(hào)輻射。他說(shuō):“必須指出的是,這并不直接適用于人類(lèi)使用手機(jī)的方式,但它確實(shí)提出了一些我們必須注意的問(wèn)題。”NTP正在利用設(shè)計(jì)得更加細(xì)致的研究項(xiàng)目來(lái)探查這一問(wèn)題。

加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的流行病學(xué)家凱費(fèi)茨說(shuō),NTP的研究有些令人擔(dān)憂(yōu),但使用無(wú)線(xiàn)技術(shù)的總體好處仍然大于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。盡管如此,她仍然同意布赫的觀點(diǎn),即“學(xué)術(shù)界需要加強(qiáng)對(duì)手機(jī)潛在健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究,而不僅僅是癌癥。”

5G會(huì)帶來(lái)獨(dú)特的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)嗎?

5G使用的一些波段與4G和早期移動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)有所不同。新的5G頻段被稱(chēng)為毫米波頻段,其傳輸距離不及4G頻段,這一特點(diǎn)已經(jīng)促使無(wú)線(xiàn)通訊行業(yè)在主要城區(qū)部署了數(shù)萬(wàn)個(gè)較小的蜂窩基站。

然而,對(duì)這類(lèi)輻射的研究并沒(méi)有顯示出任何獨(dú)特的危險(xiǎn)。以確定手機(jī)輻射安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)著稱(chēng)的國(guó)際非電離輻射防護(hù)委員會(huì),最近發(fā)布了一些針對(duì)5G技術(shù)的新建議。這些建議與它在1998年發(fā)布的手機(jī)指南大體相似。其主席埃里克·范榮根表示,該組織審閱了學(xué)術(shù)界近年來(lái)對(duì)所有不良健康影響的研究。

“大量的科學(xué)研究表明,只要遵守手機(jī)輻射安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn),5G信號(hào)就不會(huì)造成傷害,”新西蘭梅西大學(xué)研究員法拉茲·哈桑補(bǔ)充說(shuō)。他專(zhuān)門(mén)研究過(guò)5G技術(shù)對(duì)健康的影響。

怎樣使用手機(jī)才是安全的?

鑒于一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了很小程度的致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn),關(guān)心手機(jī)使用安全的用戶(hù)可以采取一些預(yù)防措施來(lái)盡可能地減少輻射。布赫指出,哪怕稍稍離手機(jī)遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn),其輻射影響也會(huì)迅速減弱。

他說(shuō):“最簡(jiǎn)單的方法就是不要把手機(jī)放在身體附近,不要放在頭旁邊或口袋里。”布赫建議用戶(hù)接聽(tīng)電話(huà)時(shí),讓手機(jī)離耳朵稍微遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn),最好戴上耳機(jī),不要把手機(jī)放在褲兜里。“跟手機(jī)保持一定的距離,哪怕只有幾英寸遠(yuǎn),也有益健康。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:任文科

Online conspiracy theories linking 5G wireless service to the novel coronavirus outbreak had some dangerous real-world consequences last week, despite scientists saying there is no connection between the technology and the spread of the disease. Arsonists in the U.K. set on fire 5G wireless towers in Birmingham, Liverpool, and Merseyside and then uploaded videos of the vandalism to social media.

There's no connection between 5G, the new, superfast successor to 4G wireless, and the deadly pandemic sweeping the globe, scientists say. But the vandalism and false connections between the disease and 5G come as a larger and more rational debate continues over the broader impact of wireless phone gear on human health.

Mobile phones and cell towers transmit radio signals at frequencies well below those of X-rays and ultraviolet light, which are strong enough to damage human cells and DNA and are categorized as ionizing radiation. The lower bands, encompassing everything from AM radio to cell phones to microwave ovens, are categorized as nonionizing radiation and don't harm DNA directly. They have long been considered harmless except for potentially heating cells at close range.

That was before billions of people started relying on nearly constant mobile connections via cell phones. So far, scientific studies of cell phones have offered a mostly reassuring view of the situation. And leading national authorities like the Food and Drug Administration, the National Cancer Institute, and the Federal Communications Commission maintain that there is little to no health risk from using mobile phones given the safety limits already in place.

Still, that has not stopped cities and countries worldwide from slowing or even banning the installation of 5G gear due to health concerns. And some Wall Street analysts say such fears could have a material impact on companies counting on 5G to bolster their sales.

Here are answers to some of the top questions people have about wireless technology and safety:

Did 5G cause or help spread the coronavirus?

The answer to 5G involvement with the coronavirus is simple and straightforward, according to every scientist and doctor that Fortune spoke with. There simply is no connection between 5G and the novel coronavirus known as COVID-19. There is no mechanism by which a wireless technology could cause a virus to mutate into a killer epidemic and no way that wireless airwaves can transmit viruses. It is, as Stephen Powis, medical director for the British National Health Service, says, "complete and utter rubbish."

Some claimed that 5G wireless may have made people more susceptible to the coronavirus by weakening their immune systems. That theory is "based on nothing," says Eric van Rongen, a biologist who has been studying the health effects of electromagnetic fields for decades and currently chairs the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, a nonprofit formed in the 1990s to offer scientific advice on the issue to policymakers.

"There are no indications from scientific studies that 5G, or any other G, affects the immune system," he says. "If that would be the case, we would have seen effects on the scale and severity of infectious diseases already decades ago. And we don’t."

Wireless technology in general is beneficial as societies go on lockdown to combat the virus, adds Leeka Kheifets, an epidemiology professor at the University of California at Los Angeles who has studied cell phone health effects. Wireless gadgets "make social distancing more possible, by allowing more people to work from home, and more bearable, by allowing people to stay connected with friends and family," she says.

Do cell phones cause cancer?

Almost nine years ago, the World Health Organization classified the emission of the radio frequencies used in cell phones as "possibly carcinogenic to humans." The edict from 2011 was based on early studies that some wireless phone users were getting a type of brain cancer known as glioma at a higher rate than normal. More than 300 substances share the same WHO categorization of "possibly carcinogenic," including aloe vera extract, traditional Asian pickled vegetables, and exposure to dry-cleaning fumes.

However, subsequent research has not proved the link or prompted the WHO to upgrade cell phones to a riskier category.

In a review of all studies done from 2008 to 2018 published by the Food and Drug Administration in February, the agency concluded that there was "no consistent or credible scientific evidence of health problems caused by the exposure to radio frequency energy emitted by cell phones." Similarly, the Federal Communications Commission says that the "available scientific evidence to date does not support adverse health effects in humans." And the National Cancer Institute, which has a lengthy web page about cell phone health research, notes: "The most consistent health risk associated with cell phone use is distracted driving and vehicle accidents."

Another way to consider the risk is to look at the rates of brain cancer and other illnesses in the general population that may be affected by cell phone use. Large studies of cancer trends have found no uptick that would correspond with the massive increase in mobile phone usage. The observed incidence of glioma, for example, "remains relatively stable," says Quinn Ostrom, a career cancer epidemiologist who works at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. "We would expect to see an increase in incidence of these tumors if there was an increase in risk for brain tumor with exposure to cellular phones," she says.

Aren’t there some studies that link cell phone radiation and cancer?

Among the studies included in the previously mentioned reviews by medical experts and agencies are some with troubling findings. But they all have limitations and, in some cases, serious flaws.

One of the most careful studies that found possible risks was by the National Toxicology Program, a unit of the National Institutes of Health, that concluded in 2018. The study subjected rats and mice to cell phone signals for up to nine hours daily for several years. Although the findings for mice and female rats raised no alarms, the study found elevated rates of brain and heart tumors in male rats. More troubling was that the types of tumors the rats developed were similar to those found in earlier Scandinavian studies of human cancers and cell phone use.

"The original question that we set out to study was whether it was biologically possible that this could happen, and we found it is feasible that animals could get these tumors," says John Bucher, a senior scientist at the NTP who worked on the study. "But our studies were done under extraordinary conditions."

The rats got large and steady doses for nine out of every 18 hours a day. "I would say it's not directly applicable to how humans use cell phones, but it raises questions that we have to pay attention to," he says. NTP is continuing to study the issue with even more carefully designed studies.

Although the NTP study is somewhat concerning, the overall benefits of using wireless technology still outweigh the risks, says UCLA epidemiologist Kheifets. Still, she agrees with Bucher that "much more research on changes in exposure and potential health effects, not just cancer, is needed."

Does 5G pose unique risks?

Some of the airwave bands used in 5G are different from the bands used in 4G and earlier mobile networks. The new 5G spectrum, known as the millimeter wave band, doesn't travel as far as the bands used for 4G, which has prompted the wireless industry to deploy tens of thousands of smaller cell sites scattered throughout major urban areas.

Studies of this type of radiation don't indicate any unique dangers, however. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which suggests safety limits for phones, recently issued new recommendations for 5G that were mostly similar to its cell phone guidance from 1998. Chair Eric van Rongen says the group reviewed years of research on all possible adverse health effects.

"An overwhelming amount of scientific research suggests that 5G signals will not cause harm, as long as the safety limits are observed," adds Faraz Hasan, a researcher at Massey University in New Zealand who has studied the health effects of 5G technology specifically.

How can I use a cell phone safely?

Given even the small degree of risk found in some studies, concerned cell phone users can follow a few precautions to minimize their exposure. The effect of cell phone signals falls off quickly with even a little distance, Bucher notes.

"The simple way of minimizing exposure is by not holding a phone near your body, to your head or in your pocket," he says, advising users to hold a phone slightly away from their ear when listening to a call, using headphones, and not carrying devices in pants pockets. "Keep some distance, even a few inches, between yourself and the phone," he says.

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