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怎樣才能合法罷免在任的總統？很多人聽說過彈劾，這是美國國會擁有（卻幾乎沒有動用過）的一項權力。另外還有美國憲法第二十五條修正案，它為極端條件下領導團隊罷免總統提供了可能。過去兩年來，唐納德·特朗普的批評者們一邊審視著他們認定的總統反復無常的行為，一邊贊成甚至充滿希望地引用著這條修正案。最近還有跡象表明，甚至在特朗普的政府內部，也有關于動用修正案的討論。

1. 第二十五條修正案有著怎樣的規定？

它規定，若副總統和國會的多數成員認為總統“不能夠履行總統職務的權力和責任”，可以罷免總統。若總統對此持有異議，而副總統和內閣堅持這一看法，國會有權舉行兩院投票，并在取得三分之二以上票數的情況下罷免總統。修正案還指出，總統若在任期內遭到罷免，副總統將接替總統職位；總統若在任期內遭遇重大手術等情況，副總統則成為代理總統。

2. 這條修正案是如何誕生的？

為了解決憲法并未指明的某些關于總統和副總統的繼任問題。例如，1841年，總統威廉·哈里森在任內逝世，副總統約翰·泰勒究竟應當成為代理總統、總統，還是在官方上依舊擔任副總統，引發了爭論。（泰勒自己決意進行了總統宣誓。）在1963年約翰·F·肯尼迪遇刺后，國會提出了憲法第二十五條修正案，并得到了總數超過四分之三的州通過。肯尼迪遭到槍擊立刻引發了一片混亂，如果他有幸存活卻只能保持偶爾的清醒，或是身受重傷，究竟誰來領導美國？這一系列問題引發了緊張的討論。

3. 之前有過動用第二十五條修正案的時刻嗎？

它從未被用于罷免在任的總統，不過填補過兩次副總統位置的空缺。（在修正案生效之前，美國偶爾會有副總統之位長期空置的情況。）1973年，斯皮羅·阿格紐因為逃稅指控被迫辭職，總統理查德·尼克松提名眾議員杰拉德·福特擔任副總統，并得到了參議院和眾議院的通過。第二年尼克松辭職，福特成為總統，提名了前紐約州州長納爾遜·洛克菲勒擔任副總統，也得到了國會的通過。

4. 為什么這次提到了第二十五條修正案？

《紐約時報》（New York Times）和美國廣播公司新聞頻道（ABC News）報道稱司法部副部長羅德·羅森斯坦曾在去年探討過招募內閣成員動用修正案罷免特朗普的可能性。（羅森斯坦對此予以否認，并在給《紐約時報》的一份聲明中表示他“沒有理由”動用修正案。）就在幾周前的9月5日，《紐約時報》發表了一篇“特朗普當局的高級官員”所寫的專欄文章。其中表示“正如許多人所見，如今時局動蕩。內閣中有人私下討論過動用第二十五條修正案，通過一系列復雜的程序罷免總統。但沒人愿意因此引發憲法危機。因此，我們正在傾盡全力，讓政權回到正軌，直到這一切結束——無論是以哪種方式。”（財富中文網）

譯者：嚴匡正

Quick: How could a sitting U.S. president be legally removed from office? Most people have heard of impeachment, a power granted to (and rarely used by) the U.S. Congress. But there’s also the 25th amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which provides an avenue for a president to be removed under extraordinary circumstances by his or her own leadership team. Critics of President Donald Trump have cited the amendment approvingly, even wishfully, over the past two years while reviewing what they consider his erratic behavior. More recently there are indications that deploying the amendment has even been discussed within Trump’s own government.

1. What does the 25th amendment say?

It provides that a president can be removed if the vice president and a majority of the cabinet determines he or she is “unable to discharge the powers and duties” of the office. If the president contests the finding, and the vice president and cabinet persist, Congress can order the president’s removal by a two-thirds vote in both chambers. The amendment also clarifies that the vice president is the successor if a president leaves office in midterm, and that the vice president becomes acting president when, say, a president undergoes major surgery.

2. Why does this even exist?

To address some questions about presidential and vice presidential succession that the Constitution didn’t specifically answer. For instance, when President William Harrison died in office in 1841, there was a debate over whether Vice President John Tyler would become acting president, or president, or officially remain vice president. (Tyler decided on his own to have a judge administer the presidential oath of office.) The 25th amendment was introduced in Congress, and ratified by the requisite three-quarters of U.S. states, after the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In the immediate confusion following the shooting of Kennedy, there were tense questions about who would run the country should he survive but only in a semiconscious or otherwise grievously wounded condition.

3. Has the 25th amendment been used before?

Never to remove a sitting president, but twice to fill a vacant vice presidency. (Before the amendment took effect, the U.S. occasionally went long periods without any vice president.) In 1973, after Spiro Agnew was forced to resign because of tax-evasion charges, President Richard Nixon nominated Representative Gerald Ford to become vice president. He was approved by the House and Senate. After Nixon resigned the following year, Ford became president and nominated Nelson Rockefeller, a former governor of New York, as vice president. He was confirmed by Congress.

4. Why is the 25th amendment coming up now?

The New York Times and ABC News reported that the deputy attorney general, Rod Rosenstein, last year discussed recruiting cabinet members to invoke the amendment to remove Trump from office. (Rosenstein denied the account and said in a statement to the Times that he sees “no basis” to invoke the amendment.) Weeks earlier, on Sept. 5, the Times published an op-ed by a person identified only as “a senior official in the Trump administration” who wrote, “Given the instability many witnessed, there were early whispers within the cabinet of invoking the 25th amendment, which would start a complex process for removing the president. But no one wanted to precipitate a constitutional crisis. So we will do what we can to steer the administration in the right direction until — one way or another — it’s over.”