關于即將到來的美國總統大選,人們大多討論的還是年齡問題:唐納德·特朗普78歲,喬·拜登81歲。
人們不禁要問:做總統的最佳年齡是多少,亦或對于擔任任何高風險領導而言,哪個年齡最合適?
哥倫比亞大學梅爾曼公共健康學院(Columbia University Mailman School)教授約翰·羅威博士對《財富》雜志說,多年來,很多學者對這個問題進行了深入研究。
盡管如此,找到具體的年齡段并非易事。
“首先,認知功能和行為功能包括一系列不同的具體功能,例如語言流暢度,短期與長期記憶,問題解決能力、速度……而且年齡的增長對上述各種功能的影響也都存在一定的差異,” 他說,“因此并非所有功能都會以同樣的速度出現退化現象。”
斯坦福大學醫學院(Stanford University School of Medicine)遺傳學系主席邁克·施耐德博士認為,認知功能的下降存在很大的變數,而且因人而異。
他對《財富》雜志說:“很多人到很大歲數之后才會出現這種現象。相信大家都有所耳聞,有些人在90多歲依然超級聰敏,而有些在60多歲便出現了嚴重的認知退化。”
羅威還表示,從認知層面來講,“40多歲的人幾乎都處于同一水平,但到了80歲之后,有些人的狀態依然非常好,但有些人卻并不理想。”
65歲之后認知功能的退化將加速
他表示,隨著年齡的增長,認知功能出現“非正常”退化的概率將越來越大,有的會患上癡呆癥,有的則是出現輕度認知障礙。
大多數癡呆癥患者的年齡都在65歲以上,而且美國疾控中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)預計,到2060年,老年癡呆癥確診患者數量將達到近1400萬。羅威表示:“很明顯,癡呆癥患者是無法領導國家的,因此,這些人就不用考慮了。”
然而,對那些患有輕度認知障礙的人(65歲以上人群患病比例12-18%,會出現健忘和錯放物品等行為)來說,事情或將變得“更加有趣”。
他說,在那些隨著年齡增長而出現退化的認知功能中,研究起來最方便的便是認知信息處理速度。不過,盡管實驗室測試可能顯示存在功能障礙,但通常僅比年輕組慢10毫秒,因此其影響可能并不大。
例如,人們在制定國際財務決策時可能需要10毫秒以上的反應時間。他表示:“因此,某些變化對認知功能來說可能并不重要。”
施耐德強調,與數十年前相比,人們的壽命更長,而且更健康,因此他們的退休時間也更晚。《神經學》(Neurology)期刊發布的新研究顯示,如果人們在30-60歲期間從事過刺激認知功能的工作,他們在70歲以上時患輕度認知障礙和癡呆癥的風險會更低。
此外,智慧隨著年齡而來——事實上,這可能僅僅是年齡增長給領導者帶來的其中一個好處。
美國總統任職年齡下限為35歲,也是通常的認知“峰值”年齡
一些研究顯示,人們在35歲會達到其認知“峰值”,而這個歲數也是美國總統的任職年齡下限。拉什大學(Rush University)精神病和行為科學教授帕特麗夏·博伊爾博士稱,這一峰值會持續至45歲左右,屆時,年齡對認知的影響可能會開始顯現。博伊爾博士還是拉什老年癡呆癥中心神經心理學家。
她表示:“當然,由于認知健康會受到基因、飲食、鍛煉、血壓、人際關系以及個人思維活躍與否的影響,因此每個人的經歷各不相同。”
不過,年齡增長也有好處。羅威表示,一些與智力有關的能力,例如詞匯量,會隨著年齡的增長而增加。不過,好處還不止這些。他還表示,多項研究一再顯示,年紀較大的人情緒更穩定。
不能忽視年齡和經歷帶來的智慧
羅威提到了伊戈·格羅斯曼博士2010年在密西根大學(University of Michigan)時開展的兩項調查。格羅斯曼博士現任加拿大滑鐵盧大學(University of Waterloo)智慧與文化實驗室主任。該研究發現,65-80歲的人群在有關領導力的以下幾個方面表現異常優秀:
? 多視角看待問題
? 可做出讓步
? 意識到現有可用知識的局限性
? 解決沖突
該研究寫到:“盡管流體智力會隨著年齡的增長下降,但社會推理能力會隨著年齡的增長而增長。這一結論顯示,讓年長人士擔任涉及法律決策、咨詢和團體間協商的重要社會職務,或許是一種明智之舉。”
羅威還提到了2020年斯坦福大學心理學教授、斯坦福長壽中心主任勞拉·卡斯坦森博士的一份報告。她在調查了1000名年齡18-76歲的人后發現,在疫情初期,年長人士的韌性要高于年輕人。
卡斯坦森代表斯坦福接受有關該調查的采訪時解釋說,年長人士更有可能顯現出沉著、感興趣和欣賞的態度,他們出現焦慮等負面情緒的可能性更低。他將這一現象歸結于經歷和觀點的轉變。
卡斯坦森表示:“人們大多認為年長人士十分脆弱和無助,但年長人群之間的差異是巨大的,而且比年輕人嚴重。一些年長人士體弱多病。然而,作為一個整體,年長人士的韌性異常強大,而且實際上在情緒健康方面比年輕人更好。”
《老齡不老》(Ageless Aging)一書的作者麥迪·戴奇沃德四十年來一直是衰老和長壽領域的思想領袖。他表示,這一點是年齡增長的饋贈,人們不能忽視。
她解釋說,如果你對生活更樂觀,而且感到更幸福,“你會將這一觀點融入你的團隊管理當中。”
羅威表示,他自己認為,如果年長人士在認知方面沒有問題,那么他們的情緒就會更穩定,解決問題的能力更強,而且溝通能力也更好。
不過,他也承認,他不會任命一位95歲的高齡人士擔任美國總統,因為年齡越大,出現嚴重健康問題的可能性就越高。
因此,他是否會將年長人士徹底排除在外?
羅威認為這是不公平的,因為存在很多顯而易見的個例。此外他還表示,不同的機構在不同時期有著不同的領導力需求。他重點提到了溫斯頓·丘吉爾,后者在66歲當選英國首相。
戴奇沃德提到了很多年長領袖的好案例,包括沃倫·巴菲特、弗朗西斯教皇和75歲就任的納爾遜·曼德拉。她說:“我覺得他們是越老越有智慧,而且可以成熟地根據自身閱歷做出決策。”
對于當前有關總統和年齡的對話,她認為人們應該將眼光放得長遠些。她提到其書作審視了三個方面的衰老,即身體、心理,當然還有時間。
她說:“這才是人們如今關注的真正焦點。我74歲了,但我并不認為自己受到了年齡的限制。毫不夸張地說,我感覺自己正處于人生的巔峰期。”(財富中文網)
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
關于即將到來的美國總統大選,人們大多討論的還是年齡問題:唐納德·特朗普78歲,喬·拜登81歲。
人們不禁要問:做總統的最佳年齡是多少,亦或對于擔任任何高風險領導而言,哪個年齡最合適?
哥倫比亞大學梅爾曼公共健康學院(Columbia University Mailman School)教授約翰·羅威博士對《財富》雜志說,多年來,很多學者對這個問題進行了深入研究。
盡管如此,找到具體的年齡段并非易事。
“首先,認知功能和行為功能包括一系列不同的具體功能,例如語言流暢度,短期與長期記憶,問題解決能力、速度……而且年齡的增長對上述各種功能的影響也都存在一定的差異,” 他說,“因此并非所有功能都會以同樣的速度出現退化現象。”
斯坦福大學醫學院(Stanford University School of Medicine)遺傳學系主席邁克·施耐德博士認為,認知功能的下降存在很大的變數,而且因人而異。
他對《財富》雜志說:“很多人到很大歲數之后才會出現這種現象。相信大家都有所耳聞,有些人在90多歲依然超級聰敏,而有些在60多歲便出現了嚴重的認知退化。”
羅威還表示,從認知層面來講,“40多歲的人幾乎都處于同一水平,但到了80歲之后,有些人的狀態依然非常好,但有些人卻并不理想。”
65歲之后認知功能的退化將加速
他表示,隨著年齡的增長,認知功能出現“非正常”退化的概率將越來越大,有的會患上癡呆癥,有的則是出現輕度認知障礙。
大多數癡呆癥患者的年齡都在65歲以上,而且美國疾控中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)預計,到2060年,老年癡呆癥確診患者數量將達到近1400萬。羅威表示:“很明顯,癡呆癥患者是無法領導國家的,因此,這些人就不用考慮了。”
然而,對那些患有輕度認知障礙的人(65歲以上人群患病比例12-18%,會出現健忘和錯放物品等行為)來說,事情或將變得“更加有趣”。
他說,在那些隨著年齡增長而出現退化的認知功能中,研究起來最方便的便是認知信息處理速度。不過,盡管實驗室測試可能顯示存在功能障礙,但通常僅比年輕組慢10毫秒,因此其影響可能并不大。
例如,人們在制定國際財務決策時可能需要10毫秒以上的反應時間。他表示:“因此,某些變化對認知功能來說可能并不重要。”
施耐德強調,與數十年前相比,人們的壽命更長,而且更健康,因此他們的退休時間也更晚。《神經學》(Neurology)期刊發布的新研究顯示,如果人們在30-60歲期間從事過刺激認知功能的工作,他們在70歲以上時患輕度認知障礙和癡呆癥的風險會更低。
此外,智慧隨著年齡而來——事實上,這可能僅僅是年齡增長給領導者帶來的其中一個好處。
美國總統任職年齡下限為35歲,也是通常的認知“峰值”年齡
一些研究顯示,人們在35歲會達到其認知“峰值”,而這個歲數也是美國總統的任職年齡下限。拉什大學(Rush University)精神病和行為科學教授帕特麗夏·博伊爾博士稱,這一峰值會持續至45歲左右,屆時,年齡對認知的影響可能會開始顯現。博伊爾博士還是拉什老年癡呆癥中心神經心理學家。
她表示:“當然,由于認知健康會受到基因、飲食、鍛煉、血壓、人際關系以及個人思維活躍與否的影響,因此每個人的經歷各不相同。”
不過,年齡增長也有好處。羅威表示,一些與智力有關的能力,例如詞匯量,會隨著年齡的增長而增加。不過,好處還不止這些。他還表示,多項研究一再顯示,年紀較大的人情緒更穩定。
不能忽視年齡和經歷帶來的智慧
羅威提到了伊戈·格羅斯曼博士2010年在密西根大學(University of Michigan)時開展的兩項調查。格羅斯曼博士現任加拿大滑鐵盧大學(University of Waterloo)智慧與文化實驗室主任。該研究發現,65-80歲的人群在有關領導力的以下幾個方面表現異常優秀:
? 多視角看待問題
? 可做出讓步
? 意識到現有可用知識的局限性
? 解決沖突
該研究寫到:“盡管流體智力會隨著年齡的增長下降,但社會推理能力會隨著年齡的增長而增長。這一結論顯示,讓年長人士擔任涉及法律決策、咨詢和團體間協商的重要社會職務,或許是一種明智之舉。”
羅威還提到了2020年斯坦福大學心理學教授、斯坦福長壽中心主任勞拉·卡斯坦森博士的一份報告。她在調查了1000名年齡18-76歲的人后發現,在疫情初期,年長人士的韌性要高于年輕人。
卡斯坦森代表斯坦福接受有關該調查的采訪時解釋說,年長人士更有可能顯現出沉著、感興趣和欣賞的態度,他們出現焦慮等負面情緒的可能性更低。他將這一現象歸結于經歷和觀點的轉變。
卡斯坦森表示:“人們大多認為年長人士十分脆弱和無助,但年長人群之間的差異是巨大的,而且比年輕人嚴重。一些年長人士體弱多病。然而,作為一個整體,年長人士的韌性異常強大,而且實際上在情緒健康方面比年輕人更好。”
《老齡不老》(Ageless Aging)一書的作者麥迪·戴奇沃德四十年來一直是衰老和長壽領域的思想領袖。他表示,這一點是年齡增長的饋贈,人們不能忽視。
她解釋說,如果你對生活更樂觀,而且感到更幸福,“你會將這一觀點融入你的團隊管理當中。”
羅威表示,他自己認為,如果年長人士在認知方面沒有問題,那么他們的情緒就會更穩定,解決問題的能力更強,而且溝通能力也更好。
不過,他也承認,他不會任命一位95歲的高齡人士擔任美國總統,因為年齡越大,出現嚴重健康問題的可能性就越高。
因此,他是否會將年長人士徹底排除在外?
羅威認為這是不公平的,因為存在很多顯而易見的個例。此外他還表示,不同的機構在不同時期有著不同的領導力需求。他重點提到了溫斯頓·丘吉爾,后者在66歲當選英國首相。
戴奇沃德提到了很多年長領袖的好案例,包括沃倫·巴菲特、弗朗西斯教皇和75歲就任的納爾遜·曼德拉。她說:“我覺得他們是越老越有智慧,而且可以成熟地根據自身閱歷做出決策。”
對于當前有關總統和年齡的對話,她認為人們應該將眼光放得長遠些。她提到其書作審視了三個方面的衰老,即身體、心理,當然還有時間。
她說:“這才是人們如今關注的真正焦點。我74歲了,但我并不認為自己受到了年齡的限制。毫不夸張地說,我感覺自己正處于人生的巔峰期。”(財富中文網)
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
Much of the discussion on the upcoming U.S. presidential election revolves around issues of age: Donald Trump is 78 and Joe Biden is 81.
That begs a question: Just what is the perfect age to be president—or any high-stakes leader, for that matter?
That’s a question that has been well-studied by many scholars over the years, Dr. John Rowe, a Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health professor of health policy and aging, tells Fortune.
But that doesn’t mean it’s easy to pinpoint an ideal number.
“First, cognitive function and behavioral functions include a variety of different specific functions, such as fluency, short-term and long-term memory, problem solving, speed … and there’s a fair amount of variability in the effects of aging on these different functions,” he says. “So it’s not a monotonic everything-gets-worse-at-the-same-rate.”
Michael Snyder, PhD, chair of the genetics department at the Stanford University School of Medicine, agrees that cognitive decline is highly variable and specific to each individual.
“That can go pretty late for a lot of people,” he tells Fortune. “We all know people in their 90s who are still super, super sharp. And, likewise, we know people who hit their 60s who slow down a lot.”
Rowe adds that, cognitively, “all 40-year-olds are mostly the same, but when you get up to 80, there are people who are very, very good and some who are not so good.”
Loss of cognitive function exceeds after age 65
With increasing age, there is a greater likelihood of “non-normal loss” of cognitive function, he says, either dementia, the prevalence of which is about 10% at 65 and quadruples by one’s mid-80s, or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Most people with dementia are 65 and older, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates nearly 14 million will be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease by 2060. “Obviously, somebody demented is not qualified to lead a country,” Rowe says. “So let’s just take that off the table.”
But for those with MCI—which occurs in 12–18% of people over 65 and causes behaviors such as forgetfulness and misplacing items—things can get “more interesting.”
Among the cognitive functions that decline with advancing age, he says, the easiest to study is speed of functioning. But while a lab test might show impairment, it’s usually just 10 milliseconds slower than the younger group, which may not be of much consequence.
For example, someone making a decision about international finance would have more than 10 milliseconds. “So some of the changes may not be functionally important,” he notes.
Snyder stresses that people are living longer, healthier lives than they were just a few decades ago. With that, they’re retiring later, and new research published in the journal Neurology suggests people who had cognitively stimulating jobs from their 30s through their 60s are at a lower risk of MCI and dementia in their 70s and beyond.
Plus, with age comes wisdom—just one aspect of aging that might, in fact, be beneficial to a leader.
The minimum age of a U.S. president is 35, the same age of typical cognitive ‘peak’
Some studies have shown that people reach their cognitive “peak” around age 35—the minimum age requirement for U.S. presidents—and that it lasts until some point in their mid-40s, when effects of cognitive aging may start, according to Patricia Boyle, PhD, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Rush University and a neuropsychologist with the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center.
“Of course, every person has a different experience as cognitive health can be influenced by genetics, diet, exercise, blood pressure, connectedness with others, and keeping their minds active or inactive,” she notes.
But then there are the advantages of aging. Rowe says there are aspects of intelligence, like vocabulary, that improve with age. And that’s not all. Studies have repeatedly shown older people have more emotional stability, he adds.
Wisdom that comes with age and experience can’t be discounted
Rowe points to a pair of studies from 2010 by Igor Grossmann, PhD, then at the University of Michigan and now director of the Wisdom and Culture Lab at the University of Waterloo in Canada. The research found that people 65–80 were much better at the following aspects of leadership:
? Bringing multiple perspectives to problems
? Allowing for compromise
? Recognizing the limits of current knowledge that’s available
? Resolving conflict
“Social reasoning improves with age despite a decline in fluid intelligence,” the research notes. “The results suggest that it might be advisable to assign older individuals to key social roles involving legal decisions, counseling, and intergroup negotiations.”
Rowe also points to a 2020 report by Laura Carstansen, PhD, professor of psychology at Stanford University and director of the Stanford Center on Longevity. Her study of 1,000 people aged 18–76 found that, during the early days of the pandemic, older adults reported more resilience than younger people.
Older people were more likely to feel calm, interest, and appreciation, and less likely to feel negative emotions, like anxiety, Carstansen explained in an interview for Stanford on the study, attributing it to experience and a shift in perspective.
“People tend to view older people as frail and helpless, but there is enormous variability among older people, more so than younger people,” Carstansen said. “Some older people are quite infirm. As a group, however, older people are extraordinarily resilient and actually doing better than younger people in terms of emotional well-being.”
Maddy Dychtwald, author of Ageless Aging who has been a thought leader in the field of aging and longevity for 40 years, says that’s a gift of aging that cannot be overlooked.
If you feel more positive about life and are happier, “you bring that perspective to your leadership game,” she explains.
Rowe says it’s his view that if older people are cognitively intact, they can be expected to have more emotional stability, better problem-solving skills, and better negotiating skills.
But he also acknowledges he would not appoint a 95-year-old as president because the likelihood of serious adverse medical issues increases with advancing age.
So would he count an elderly person out altogether?
Rowe doesn’t think it’s fair, given all the obvious exceptions. And different institutions have different leadership needs at different times, he adds, highlighting Winston Churchill, who became the U.K. prime minister at age 66. “He was perfect for World War II, but when the war was over they voted him out of office, because the problems the country had to solve were not the problems that Winston Churchill could solve.”
Dychtwald points to many good examples of older leaders—including Warren Buffett, Pope Francis, and Nelson Mandela, who came into office at age 75. “I think they’re older and wiser and have the maturity to make decisions based on experiences,” she says.
Regarding the current conversation around presidents and age, she thinks people are looking at it in a myopic way, noting that her book examines three different kinds of aging—physical, psychological, and, of course, chronological.
“That’s what people seem really zeroed in on right now,” she says. “I’m 74 and I don’t think that defines me at all. In all modesty, I feel like I’m at the top of my game.”