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即將退休?財務顧問給出五大理財建議

Alicia Adamczyk
2024-05-18

今年將有創紀錄的410萬美國人退休,他們如何實現資金最大化?

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圖片來源:MOMO PRODUCTIONS—GETTY IMAGES

所謂的老年人口爆炸式增長從今年開始達到頂峰:將有410萬美國人在2024年達到65歲,創歷史新高。雖然許多人將成為離開勞動力市場大軍的一份子,但并非所有人都會退休:有些人無法負擔停止工作的費用,還有越來越多的受過大學教育的嬰兒潮一代,盡管有經濟能力退休,但仍然想要保住工作。

不過,根據終身收入聯盟(Alliance for Lifetime Income)的退休收入研究所(Retirement Income Institute)的數據,隨著嬰兒潮一代達到專家們所說的“65歲高峰區間”,退休人數預計將從過去10年的每天約1萬人躍升至超過11,200人。退休人員激增預計將持續到2027年。

雖然嬰兒潮一代已經有數十年的時間進行儲蓄、投資并為人生的下一篇章做準備,但他們可能忽略了能夠采取的幾項策略。對于那些臨近退休的人來說,以下是理財顧問提供的五條建議,可以讓你在晚年實現資金最大化和長壽。

1. 考慮進行羅斯轉換

大多數人都熟悉401(k)養老金計劃和個人退休賬戶,但其他退休賬戶也能夠列入財務計劃,比如羅斯個人退休賬戶(Roth IRA)。雖然由于繳款的收入上限,它們通常被認為最適合年輕員工,但即使你收入過高,無法直接向羅斯個人退休賬戶繳款,也可以通過羅斯轉換獲得羅斯個人退休賬戶帶來的益處。

顧名思義,該策略包括把傳統個人退休賬戶轉換為羅斯個人退休賬戶。當你進行轉換時,實際上是將資金從稅前工具轉移到稅后工具;如今要按照當前稅率為這筆資金繳稅,然后它將實現免稅增長。

顧問們表示,這樣做大有裨益。假設你滿足其他要求,就能夠在退休時享受免稅提領,并且在有生之年沒有規定最低提領額。這是為你的財務計劃增加稅收多樣化,并在有生之年減少稅費的好方法。

2. 優化應稅賬戶

說到這一點,實現稅收多樣化可以超出401(k)養老金計劃和個人退休賬戶的范圍。應稅賬戶也發揮著重要作用,重要的是要知道先利用哪個賬戶。

得克薩斯州的注冊理財規劃師斯科特·畢曉普表示:“401(k)養老金計劃或個人退休賬戶都是稅前的,需要繳納所得稅,因此聯邦和州政府可能‘擁有’這些賬戶中30%至50%的資金。如果將這筆資金儲存進羅斯個人退休賬戶或應稅經紀賬戶里,結果可能就會有所不同。”

應稅賬戶沒有退休賬戶的稅收優惠,但也沒有退休賬戶的限制。它允許你為未來投資,但沒有繳款限制、提前支取罰款、規定提領額等限制。

如果你不確定退休后的納稅等級,在經紀賬戶里存放一些資金就尤其有用;從應稅賬戶中提取資金按照資本利得稅率征稅,而從401(k)賬戶中提取資金按照普通所得稅稅率征稅(稅率可能更高)。對于應稅賬戶而言,只有收益需要納稅,而從401(k)賬戶中提取的全部資金都需要納稅。擁有一系列賬戶能夠讓你制定巧妙的提款策略。

T. Rowe Price的注冊理財規劃師朱迪思·沃德寫道:“正如你通過分散投資來幫助應對市場的不確定性一樣,分散賬戶的稅務處理方式也可以幫助你應對稅收環境的不確定性,并管理好退休后的收入。”

當然,你還需要預留一大筆現金,以備不時之需。馬里蘭州的注冊理財規劃師韋斯·巴特爾說,理想的金額是六個月的開支。

3. 推遲社會保障金的領取時間

雖然有些人早在62歲就有資格開始領取社會保障金,但理財顧問表示,如果可能的話,最好推遲到70歲,或者至少推遲到所謂的全面退休年齡。這將增加福利金額,并幫助你降低應稅收入,原因是你將先用掉其他退休賬戶中的部分儲蓄。伊利諾伊州的注冊理財規劃師安迪·巴克斯利說:“這是財務規劃中最容易被忽視的機會之一。”

全面退休年齡取決于你的出生時間。對于1960年或之后出生的人來說,全面退休年齡是67歲。對于1955年到1959年底出生的人而言,全面退休年齡介于66歲零2個月和66歲零10個月之間。如果你在1955年之前出生,全面退休年齡則為66歲(你已經達到了這個年齡)。推遲到70歲意味著你能夠獲得“延遲退休”積分,從而獲得更高的福利。

即使推遲到70歲不太可能實現,推遲幾年或幾個月時間也會對你最終獲得的支票數額產生很大的影響。你可以在社會保障金年度對賬單上查看預計福利金額,對賬單能夠在美國社會保障管理局(Social Security Administration)的網站上查看。

4. 微調預算

許多人(和財經媒體)都專注于達到一個神奇的退休儲蓄“數字”,無論是100萬美元、146萬美元,還是更多。但畢曉普稱,對于即將退休的人來說,更需要關注的其實是退休預算里的各類數字。它們可以分為以下幾類:

(1)固定開支。即房貸或租金、保險、房產稅、食品、醫療保健等。

(2)可自由支配的開支。這包括你退休后要做的有趣事情的估計費用,包括旅行、外出就餐等。

(3)未來計劃開支。固定開支和可自由支配的開支可能在大多數情況下占預算的大部分,但如果你沒有預計到其他費用,比如房屋維修費用、新車費用、長期護理費用等,就會陷入麻煩。

畢曉普指出,預算“需要深思熟慮和保守估計”。顧問能夠幫助你考慮或有成本,并為你的家庭制定可行的預算方案。

也就是說,你的預算可能隨時發生變化。堪薩斯州的注冊理財規劃師桑迪·韋弗建議,在六個月左右的時間里測試一下每月的提款金額,然后根據需要重新調整。退休后支出會發生變化,你的計劃也要隨之改變。

韋弗說:“不要因為小事而忐忑不安。退休階段很長,[有可能]長達30多年,因此,如果你在一到兩年的時間里財務出了問題,你還可以讓它回到正軌。”

5. 制定“不退休計劃”

最后,顧問們表示,雖然合適的財務和稅收策略很重要,但充分利用退休后的日子也同樣重要:你制定了財務計劃,但也需要制定全面的生活計劃。如何保持身心健康?你對志愿服務感興趣嗎?參加兼職工作會更好嗎?你想幫忙照看孫輩嗎?如果事先沒有考慮周全,想輕松打發時間可能就比想象中要困難得多。

一種策略是制定所謂的不退休計劃。皮博迪獎(Peabody Awards)的獲獎記者馬克·沃爾頓在他的《不退休:高效人士如何幸福生活》(Unretired: How Highly Effective People Live Happily Ever After)一書中概述了這一計劃,這包括思考哪些事情讓你著迷,以及退休后你能夠把時間投入到哪些事情上。它可以是(全職或兼職)工作,但也不一定是工作。

弗吉尼亞州的注冊理財規劃師霍華德·普雷斯曼指出:“即將退休的人應該記住,那些退休后從事某項工作的人比那些退休后停止工作的人更成功。如果你只是坐在門廊上吆喝鄰居家的孩子遠離自家草坪,那么24小時就是一段很長的時間。”

他建議問自己一些問題,包括你將在哪里居住?如何保持參與度?如何保持活躍?如何彌補不再擁有的工作中的社會關系?

普雷斯曼說:“這一愿景越清晰,實現過渡就越容易。經濟上有保障的退休生活和快樂的退休生活之間有著天壤之別。”(財富中文網)

譯者:中慧言-王芳

所謂的老年人口爆炸式增長從今年開始達到頂峰:將有410萬美國人在2024年達到65歲,創歷史新高。雖然許多人將成為離開勞動力市場大軍的一份子,但并非所有人都會退休:有些人無法負擔停止工作的費用,還有越來越多的受過大學教育的嬰兒潮一代,盡管有經濟能力退休,但仍然想要保住工作。

不過,根據終身收入聯盟(Alliance for Lifetime Income)的退休收入研究所(Retirement Income Institute)的數據,隨著嬰兒潮一代達到專家們所說的“65歲高峰區間”,退休人數預計將從過去10年的每天約1萬人躍升至超過11,200人。退休人員激增預計將持續到2027年。

雖然嬰兒潮一代已經有數十年的時間進行儲蓄、投資并為人生的下一篇章做準備,但他們可能忽略了能夠采取的幾項策略。對于那些臨近退休的人來說,以下是理財顧問提供的五條建議,可以讓你在晚年實現資金最大化和長壽。

1. 考慮進行羅斯轉換

大多數人都熟悉401(k)養老金計劃和個人退休賬戶,但其他退休賬戶也能夠列入財務計劃,比如羅斯個人退休賬戶(Roth IRA)。雖然由于繳款的收入上限,它們通常被認為最適合年輕員工,但即使你收入過高,無法直接向羅斯個人退休賬戶繳款,也可以通過羅斯轉換獲得羅斯個人退休賬戶帶來的益處。

顧名思義,該策略包括把傳統個人退休賬戶轉換為羅斯個人退休賬戶。當你進行轉換時,實際上是將資金從稅前工具轉移到稅后工具;如今要按照當前稅率為這筆資金繳稅,然后它將實現免稅增長。

顧問們表示,這樣做大有裨益。假設你滿足其他要求,就能夠在退休時享受免稅提領,并且在有生之年沒有規定最低提領額。這是為你的財務計劃增加稅收多樣化,并在有生之年減少稅費的好方法。

2. 優化應稅賬戶

說到這一點,實現稅收多樣化可以超出401(k)養老金計劃和個人退休賬戶的范圍。應稅賬戶也發揮著重要作用,重要的是要知道先利用哪個賬戶。

得克薩斯州的注冊理財規劃師斯科特·畢曉普表示:“401(k)養老金計劃或個人退休賬戶都是稅前的,需要繳納所得稅,因此聯邦和州政府可能‘擁有’這些賬戶中30%至50%的資金。如果將這筆資金儲存進羅斯個人退休賬戶或應稅經紀賬戶里,結果可能就會有所不同。”

應稅賬戶沒有退休賬戶的稅收優惠,但也沒有退休賬戶的限制。它允許你為未來投資,但沒有繳款限制、提前支取罰款、規定提領額等限制。

如果你不確定退休后的納稅等級,在經紀賬戶里存放一些資金就尤其有用;從應稅賬戶中提取資金按照資本利得稅率征稅,而從401(k)賬戶中提取資金按照普通所得稅稅率征稅(稅率可能更高)。對于應稅賬戶而言,只有收益需要納稅,而從401(k)賬戶中提取的全部資金都需要納稅。擁有一系列賬戶能夠讓你制定巧妙的提款策略。

T. Rowe Price的注冊理財規劃師朱迪思·沃德寫道:“正如你通過分散投資來幫助應對市場的不確定性一樣,分散賬戶的稅務處理方式也可以幫助你應對稅收環境的不確定性,并管理好退休后的收入。”

當然,你還需要預留一大筆現金,以備不時之需。馬里蘭州的注冊理財規劃師韋斯·巴特爾說,理想的金額是六個月的開支。

3. 推遲社會保障金的領取時間

雖然有些人早在62歲就有資格開始領取社會保障金,但理財顧問表示,如果可能的話,最好推遲到70歲,或者至少推遲到所謂的全面退休年齡。這將增加福利金額,并幫助你降低應稅收入,原因是你將先用掉其他退休賬戶中的部分儲蓄。伊利諾伊州的注冊理財規劃師安迪·巴克斯利說:“這是財務規劃中最容易被忽視的機會之一。”

全面退休年齡取決于你的出生時間。對于1960年或之后出生的人來說,全面退休年齡是67歲。對于1955年到1959年底出生的人而言,全面退休年齡介于66歲零2個月和66歲零10個月之間。如果你在1955年之前出生,全面退休年齡則為66歲(你已經達到了這個年齡)。推遲到70歲意味著你能夠獲得“延遲退休”積分,從而獲得更高的福利。

即使推遲到70歲不太可能實現,推遲幾年或幾個月時間也會對你最終獲得的支票數額產生很大的影響。你可以在社會保障金年度對賬單上查看預計福利金額,對賬單能夠在美國社會保障管理局(Social Security Administration)的網站上查看。

4. 微調預算

許多人(和財經媒體)都專注于達到一個神奇的退休儲蓄“數字”,無論是100萬美元、146萬美元,還是更多。但畢曉普稱,對于即將退休的人來說,更需要關注的其實是退休預算里的各類數字。它們可以分為以下幾類:

1. 固定開支。即房貸或租金、保險、房產稅、食品、醫療保健等。

2. 可自由支配的開支。這包括你退休后要做的有趣事情的估計費用,包括旅行、外出就餐等。

3. 未來計劃開支。固定開支和可自由支配的開支可能在大多數情況下占預算的大部分,但如果你沒有預計到其他費用,比如房屋維修費用、新車費用、長期護理費用等,就會陷入麻煩。

畢曉普指出,預算“需要深思熟慮和保守估計”。顧問能夠幫助你考慮或有成本,并為你的家庭制定可行的預算方案。

也就是說,你的預算可能隨時發生變化。堪薩斯州的注冊理財規劃師桑迪·韋弗建議,在六個月左右的時間里測試一下每月的提款金額,然后根據需要重新調整。退休后支出會發生變化,你的計劃也要隨之改變。

韋弗說:“不要因為小事而忐忑不安。退休階段很長,[有可能]長達30多年,因此,如果你在一到兩年的時間里財務出了問題,你還可以讓它回到正軌。”

5. 制定“不退休計劃”

最后,顧問們表示,雖然合適的財務和稅收策略很重要,但充分利用退休后的日子也同樣重要:你制定了財務計劃,但也需要制定全面的生活計劃。如何保持身心健康?你對志愿服務感興趣嗎?參加兼職工作會更好嗎?你想幫忙照看孫輩嗎?如果事先沒有考慮周全,想輕松打發時間可能就比想象中要困難得多。

一種策略是制定所謂的不退休計劃。皮博迪獎(Peabody Awards)的獲獎記者馬克·沃爾頓在他的《不退休:高效人士如何幸福生活》(Unretired: How Highly Effective People Live Happily Ever After)一書中概述了這一計劃,這包括思考哪些事情讓你著迷,以及退休后你能夠把時間投入到哪些事情上。它可以是(全職或兼職)工作,但也不一定是工作。

弗吉尼亞州的注冊理財規劃師霍華德·普雷斯曼指出:“即將退休的人應該記住,那些退休后從事某項工作的人比那些退休后停止工作的人更成功。如果你只是坐在門廊上吆喝鄰居家的孩子遠離自家草坪,那么24小時就是一段很長的時間。”

他建議問自己一些問題,包括你將在哪里居住?如何保持參與度?如何保持活躍?如何彌補不再擁有的工作中的社會關系?

普雷斯曼說:“這一愿景越清晰,實現過渡就越容易。經濟上有保障的退休生活和快樂的退休生活之間有著天壤之別。”(財富中文網)

譯者:中慧言-王芳

The so-called silver tsunami of retirees is beginning to crest this year, as a record-high 4.1 million Americans turn 65 in 2024. While many are part of an exodus from the workforce, not all of them will retire: Some cannot afford to stop working, and there is also a growing cohort of college-educated baby boomers who want to keep their jobs despite having the financial means to retire.

Still, as baby boomers reach what experts are calling the “peak 65 zone,” the number of people retiring is expected to jump from around 10,000 per day over the past decade to over 11,200, according to the Alliance for Lifetime Income’s Retirement Income Institute. The surge in retirees is expected to last through 2027.

While boomers have had decades to save, invest, and prepare for the next chapter, there are a few strategies they may have overlooked. For those nearing retirement, here are five tips from financial advisors to maximize money—and longevity—in the golden years.

1. Consider a Roth conversion

Most people are familiar with 401(k)s and IRAs, but there are other retirement accounts that belong in your financial plan, like a Roth IRA. Though they are usually thought to be best for younger workers due to the income cap on contributions, you can still get the benefits of a Roth even if you make too much to contribute to one outright, via a Roth conversion.

As the name implies, the strategy involves converting your traditional IRA into a Roth IRA. When you make the conversion, you’re essentially moving funds from a pre-tax vehicle to a post-tax vehicle; you’ll pay taxes on the money now at your current rate, and then it will grow tax-free.

The benefits are plenty, advisors say. You’ll enjoy tax-free withdrawals in retirement (assuming you meet the other requirements) and no required-minimum distributions during your lifetime. This is a good way to add tax diversification to your financial plan and reduce your lifetime tax bill.

2. Optimize your taxable account

Speaking of which, tax diversification can go beyond 401(k)s and IRAs. Taxable accounts also play an important role, and it’s important to know which to tap first.

“With a 401(k) or IRA, it is all pre-tax and subject to income tax, so the federal and state government may ‘own’ around 30% to 50% of those accounts,” says Scott Bishop, a Texas-based certified financial planner (CFP). “If money is in a Roth IRA or taxable brokerage account, the results may be different.”

A taxable account doesn’t have the tax benefits of a retirement account, but it also doesn’t have the restrictions they do. It allows you to invest for the future, but without the contribution limits, withdrawal penalties, required distributions, and so on.

It is especially useful to have some funds in a brokerage account if you’re not sure what tax bracket you’ll be in in retirement; withdrawals from a taxable account are taxed at the capital gains rate, whereas money taken out of a 401(k) is taxed at your ordinary income tax rate (which will likely be higher). And with a taxable account, only the gains are taxed, whereas the entire withdrawal from a 401(k) is. Having an array of accounts allows you to develop a strategic withdrawal strategy.

“Just as you diversify your investments to help tackle the uncertainty of the markets, diversifying the tax treatment of your accounts can help you weather the uncertainty of the tax landscape and manage your income in retirement,” writes Judith Ward, a CFP, for T. Rowe Price.

And of course, you will want a chunk of money set aside in cash, in case of emergency. Wes Battle, a Maryland-based CFP, says the ideal amount is six months’ worth of expenses.

3. Delay Social Security

Though some people are eligible to start taking Social Security benefits as early as 62, financial advisors say it’s best to postpone doing so until age 70, or at least to when you reach the so-called full retirement age, if at all possible. That will increase the benefit amount and help you lower your taxable income, because you will have spent some of your savings from your other retirement accounts first. “This is one of the most overlooked opportunities in financial planning,” says Andy Baxley, a CFP in Illinois.

The full retirement age depends on when you were born. For those born in 1960 or later, full retirement age is 67. For those born between 1955 through the end of 1959, it is between 66 and 2 months and 66 and 10 months. If you were born before 1955, it is 66 (and you’ve already reached it). Delaying until age 70 means you can earn a “delayed retirement” credit, which gets you a higher benefit.

Even if 70 isn’t likely, delaying them even a few years or months can make a big difference in the size of the check you end up getting. You can view your projected benefit amount on your annual Social Security statement, which you can view on the Social Security Administration’s website.

4. Fine-tune your budget

Many people (and financial media) focus on reaching a magic retirement savings “number,” be it $1 million or $1.46 million or more. But the more important numbers for near-retirees to focus on are actually those in their retirement budget, says Bishop. They can be broken into the following categories:

1. Fixed costs. That’s your mortgage or rent, insurance, property taxes, food, healthcare, and so on.

2. Discretionary costs. That includes estimated expenses for the fun things you’ll do in retirement, including traveling, dining out, etc.

3. Planned future costs. Fixed and discretionary costs may make up most of your budget most of the time, but you can run into trouble if you’re not anticipating other expenses, like home repair costs, new cars, long-term care, etc.

The budget “needs to be thoughtful and conservative,” Bishop says. An advisor can help you think through contingent costs and craft one that works for your family.

That said, your budget can always change. Sandi Weaver, a CFP in Kansas, suggests testing out a monthly withdrawal amount for around six months, and then readjusting as needed. Expenses change in retirement, and it’s okay for your plan to change too.

“Don’t sweat the small stuff,” Weaver says. “The retirement phase is long, [potentially] 30-plus years, so if you get the finances wrong for one to two years, you can get it back on track.”

5. Make an “unretirement plan”

Finally, advisors say while getting the finances and tax strategies right is important, equally so is making the most of your days in retirement: You have a financial plan, but you’ll want a holistic life plan as well. How will you keep your mind and body healthy? Are you interested in volunteering? Would part-time work be better? Do you want to help with your grandkids? Without some forethought, it might be more difficult than you think to easily fill your time.

One strategy is to create a so-called unretirement plan. Outlined by Mark Walton, a Peabody award-winning journalist, in his book Unretired: How Highly Effective People Live Happily Ever After, this involves thinking through what fascinates you and what you could dedicate your time to in retirement. It could be (full- or part-time) work, though it doesn’t have to be.

“Soon-to-be retirees should keep in mind that those who are retiring to something are more successful than those that are retiring from something,” says Howard Pressman, a Virginia-based CFP. “Twenty-four hours is a long time if you’re just sitting on the porch yelling at the neighborhood kids to stay off your lawn.”

He suggests asking yourself questions including, where will you live? How will you stay engaged? How will you stay active? How will you replace lost social connections from work?

“The clearer this vision is, the easier the transition will be,” says Pressman. “There’s a big difference between a financially secure retirement and a happy retirement.”

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