一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),父母對子女缺乏關(guān)愛,孩子更有可能體重超標(biāo)或肥胖。這是第一項(xiàng)確定父母養(yǎng)育方式會影響兒童體重的研究。
倫敦帝國理工學(xué)院(Imperial College London)的研究人員對英格蘭10,510名兒童分析發(fā)現(xiàn),專治威權(quán)型或忽視冷漠型父母養(yǎng)育的子女,在童年和青少年時(shí)期的平均體重更高。這兩種類型父母的特征都是缺乏情感關(guān)愛。
這項(xiàng)突破性研究已經(jīng)過同行審議,但尚未發(fā)表論文。周三在國際肥胖聯(lián)盟(World Obesity Federation)于墨爾本召開的國際肥胖大會(International Congress on Obesity)上,研究人員宣布了該項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果。研究顯示,父母的情感關(guān)愛是健康體重的關(guān)鍵。
在英格蘭,童年肥胖問題日益嚴(yán)重,超過四分之一4至5歲的兒童體重超標(biāo)或肥胖。10至11歲兒童體重超標(biāo)或肥胖的比例高達(dá)40%。兒童期肥胖在成年后肥胖的概率幾乎是其他人的五倍。而據(jù)哈佛大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院(Harvard School of Public Health)的研究顯示,肥胖對人體健康的影響幾乎是全方位的,從生殖和呼吸功能到記憶力和情緒都會受到影響。
國際肥胖聯(lián)盟主席路易斯·鮑爾表示,該項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了“在當(dāng)今世界,兒童和家庭很難選擇健康飲食、積極參加體育運(yùn)動、保證良好的睡眠和應(yīng)對壓力。”
鮑爾表示:“父母能夠?yàn)樽优O(shè)定恰當(dāng)?shù)慕缦蓿⒃谟H子關(guān)系中重視情感關(guān)愛和保持敏感性,可能更有助于子女盡可能保持健康。”
哪類父母養(yǎng)育方式能最有效防止肥胖?
研究人員根據(jù)雅芳父母與兒童縱向研究(Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children)的數(shù)據(jù),基于父母和兒童填寫的調(diào)查問卷,將父母分成了四類,分別是:開明權(quán)威型、專治威權(quán)型、寬松放任型和忽視冷漠型。雅芳父母與兒童縱向研究是對1991年和1992年英格蘭前雅芳郡出生的兒童開展的群組研究。
開明權(quán)威型父母能夠給子女劃定清晰的界限,但同時(shí)給與子女情感關(guān)愛。與之相比,專治威權(quán)型父母執(zhí)行嚴(yán)格的紀(jì)律,卻對子女少有關(guān)愛。寬松放任型父母有同理心,但甚少制定規(guī)則,而忽視冷漠型父母在情感上漠不關(guān)心,很少會為子女制定規(guī)則。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),專治威權(quán)型父母或忽視冷漠型父母的子女,更有可能體重超過開明權(quán)威型父母的子女,而寬松放任型父母對子女體重的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)影響較小。
研究人員縱向研究這些數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),忽視冷漠型父母或?qū)V瓮?quán)型父母的7歲子女,比開明權(quán)威型父母的同齡人平均重1.5公斤(3.3磅)。研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn),不同養(yǎng)育方式對兒童體重的影響,會從幼年一直持續(xù)到青春期早期、青春期后期、成年期早期。
該項(xiàng)研究的作者之一、倫敦理工學(xué)院健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與政策創(chuàng)新中心(Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation)的研究人員亞歷克薩·西格爾解釋稱,專治威權(quán)型母親的特點(diǎn)是要求苛刻,有控制欲,但同時(shí)對子女缺乏情感關(guān)愛和響應(yīng),可能導(dǎo)致她們不會響應(yīng)子女發(fā)出的饑餓信號。
西格爾表示,在子女饑餓時(shí)不允許選擇零食,或試圖控制子女的飲食攝入,例如要求子女即使不餓的時(shí)候也不能剩飯,可能導(dǎo)致孩子“無法形成調(diào)節(jié)自身能量攝入的能力,這意味著當(dāng)他們有自主行為能力時(shí)可能暴飲暴食。”
西格爾還表示,忽視冷漠型父母的問題是,不給子女制定規(guī)則,導(dǎo)致子女可以自由選擇許多不健康的飲食。
西格爾表示,這種趨勢可以通過參加支持課程來應(yīng)對,父母可以在課上了解到養(yǎng)育方式對防止肥胖的重要性,同時(shí)醫(yī)生和其他支持提供者要強(qiáng)調(diào)父母缺乏情感關(guān)愛對兒童體重的影響。
西格爾稱:“父母養(yǎng)育方式對兒童體重的影響,通常被視為禁忌。”
他表示:“然而,全面理解父母養(yǎng)育方式與童年和青少年肥胖之間的關(guān)系,有助于指導(dǎo)肥胖控制政策,促進(jìn)制定更有效的健康和營養(yǎng)計(jì)劃。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
翻譯:劉進(jìn)龍
審校:汪皓
一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),父母對子女缺乏關(guān)愛,孩子更有可能體重超標(biāo)或肥胖。這是第一項(xiàng)確定父母養(yǎng)育方式會影響兒童體重的研究。
倫敦帝國理工學(xué)院(Imperial College London)的研究人員對英格蘭10,510名兒童分析發(fā)現(xiàn),專治威權(quán)型或忽視冷漠型父母養(yǎng)育的子女,在童年和青少年時(shí)期的平均體重更高。這兩種類型父母的特征都是缺乏情感關(guān)愛。
這項(xiàng)突破性研究已經(jīng)過同行審議,但尚未發(fā)表論文。周三在國際肥胖聯(lián)盟(World Obesity Federation)于墨爾本召開的國際肥胖大會(International Congress on Obesity)上,研究人員宣布了該項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果。研究顯示,父母的情感關(guān)愛是健康體重的關(guān)鍵。
在英格蘭,童年肥胖問題日益嚴(yán)重,超過四分之一4至5歲的兒童體重超標(biāo)或肥胖。10至11歲兒童體重超標(biāo)或肥胖的比例高達(dá)40%。兒童期肥胖在成年后肥胖的概率幾乎是其他人的五倍。而據(jù)哈佛大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院(Harvard School of Public Health)的研究顯示,肥胖對人體健康的影響幾乎是全方位的,從生殖和呼吸功能到記憶力和情緒都會受到影響。
國際肥胖聯(lián)盟主席路易斯·鮑爾表示,該項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了“在當(dāng)今世界,兒童和家庭很難選擇健康飲食、積極參加體育運(yùn)動、保證良好的睡眠和應(yīng)對壓力。”
鮑爾表示:“父母能夠?yàn)樽优O(shè)定恰當(dāng)?shù)慕缦蓿⒃谟H子關(guān)系中重視情感關(guān)愛和保持敏感性,可能更有助于子女盡可能保持健康。”
哪類父母養(yǎng)育方式能最有效防止肥胖?
研究人員根據(jù)雅芳父母與兒童縱向研究(Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children)的數(shù)據(jù),基于父母和兒童填寫的調(diào)查問卷,將父母分成了四類,分別是:開明權(quán)威型、專治威權(quán)型、寬松放任型和忽視冷漠型。雅芳父母與兒童縱向研究是對1991年和1992年英格蘭前雅芳郡出生的兒童開展的群組研究。
開明權(quán)威型父母能夠給子女劃定清晰的界限,但同時(shí)給與子女情感關(guān)愛。與之相比,專治威權(quán)型父母執(zhí)行嚴(yán)格的紀(jì)律,卻對子女少有關(guān)愛。寬松放任型父母有同理心,但甚少制定規(guī)則,而忽視冷漠型父母在情感上漠不關(guān)心,很少會為子女制定規(guī)則。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),專治威權(quán)型父母或忽視冷漠型父母的子女,更有可能體重超過開明權(quán)威型父母的子女,而寬松放任型父母對子女體重的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)影響較小。
研究人員縱向研究這些數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),忽視冷漠型父母或?qū)V瓮?quán)型父母的7歲子女,比開明權(quán)威型父母的同齡人平均重1.5公斤(3.3磅)。研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn),不同養(yǎng)育方式對兒童體重的影響,會從幼年一直持續(xù)到青春期早期、青春期后期、成年期早期。
該項(xiàng)研究的作者之一、倫敦理工學(xué)院健康經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與政策創(chuàng)新中心(Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation)的研究人員亞歷克薩·西格爾解釋稱,專治威權(quán)型母親的特點(diǎn)是要求苛刻,有控制欲,但同時(shí)對子女缺乏情感關(guān)愛和響應(yīng),可能導(dǎo)致她們不會響應(yīng)子女發(fā)出的饑餓信號。
西格爾表示,在子女饑餓時(shí)不允許選擇零食,或試圖控制子女的飲食攝入,例如要求子女即使不餓的時(shí)候也不能剩飯,可能導(dǎo)致孩子“無法形成調(diào)節(jié)自身能量攝入的能力,這意味著當(dāng)他們有自主行為能力時(shí)可能暴飲暴食。”
西格爾還表示,忽視冷漠型父母的問題是,不給子女制定規(guī)則,導(dǎo)致子女可以自由選擇許多不健康的飲食。
西格爾表示,這種趨勢可以通過參加支持課程來應(yīng)對,父母可以在課上了解到養(yǎng)育方式對防止肥胖的重要性,同時(shí)醫(yī)生和其他支持提供者要強(qiáng)調(diào)父母缺乏情感關(guān)愛對兒童體重的影響。
西格爾稱:“父母養(yǎng)育方式對兒童體重的影響,通常被視為禁忌。”
他表示:“然而,全面理解父母養(yǎng)育方式與童年和青少年肥胖之間的關(guān)系,有助于指導(dǎo)肥胖控制政策,促進(jìn)制定更有效的健康和營養(yǎng)計(jì)劃。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
翻譯:劉進(jìn)龍
審校:汪皓
Children who are not treated warmly by their parents are more likely to grow up to be overweight or obese, according to the first-ever study determining the effect of parenting styles on children’s weight.
In an analysis of 10,510 children in England, researchers at Imperial College London found that children with authoritarian or neglectful parents—both types of parenting characterized as lacking warmth—had, on average, a higher weight throughout childhood and adolescence.
The groundbreaking study, which has been peer-reviewed but not yet submitted for publication, suggests parental warmth is the key to a healthy weight, researchers at the International Congress on Obesity, held in Melbourne by the World Obesity Federation, announced on Wednesday.
Childhood obesity is a growing problem in England, with more than a quarter of 4- and 5-year-olds overweight or obese. This figure jumps to 40% for kids ages 10 to 11. Obese children are also five times as likely to be obese adults, and, according to the Harvard School of Public Health, obesity diminishes almost every aspect of health, from reproductive and respiratory function to memory and mood.
Louise Baur, president of the World Obesity Federation, said the study reinforced that “the world today often makes it difficult for children and families to eat well, be physically active, sleep well, and cope with stress.”
Baur added, “Parents who are able to set appropriate limits for their child, while bringing warmth and sensitivity to the relationship, may be better able to help their child be as healthy as possible.”
What’s the best kind of parenting to prevent obesity?
Researchers took data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children—a cohort study of children born in the former county of Avon, England, during 1991 and 1992—and divided parents into four categories based on questionnaires filled in by parents and children: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved.
Authoritative parents were defined as parents who maintain clear boundaries but were also warm—as opposed to authoritarian parents who maintained strict discipline and showed little warmth. Permissive parents were empathetic but had few rules, and neglectful parents were emotionally uninvolved and placed few rules on their children.
Researchers found that children with parents who were classified as authoritarian or neglectful were more much likely to have a higher weight than those who experienced authoritative parenting, while permissive parenting had little statistical effect on children’s weight.
In a longitudinal look into the data, researchers found that on average a 7-year-old with neglectful or authoritarian parents was on average 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs) heavier than a child with authoritative parents. They also found that these parenting styles affected their children’s weight through early childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, and early adulthood.
Alexa Segal, study author and researcher at the Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation at Imperial College London, explained that authoritarian mothers are characterized by being demanding and controlling while having low warmth and responsiveness, which could lead to their not responding to a child’s hunger cues.
Not allowing a child to select a snack when hungry, or trying to control a child’s food intake by, for example, pressuring him to clean his plate even when he is not hungry, could lead the child to “not develop their own ability to regulate their own energy intake, meaning they might overindulge when they have the ability,” Segal said.
Meanwhile, Segal said, the problem of neglectful parenting may be that when no rules are given the child has free rein to eat as many unhealthy options as are available.
Segal stated this trend can be combated with support classes in which parents learn the importance of parenting style in preventing obesity, and with doctors and other support providers stressing the effects of a lack of parental warmth on a child’s weight.
“The effect of parenting style on a child’s weight is often considered a taboo subject,” Segal noted.
“However, a comprehensive understanding of the associations between parenting style and childhood and adolescent obesity has great potential to inform obesity policy and contribute to the development of more effective health and nutrition programs,” Segal said.