塵封28年的視頻揭示喬布斯最大錯(cuò)誤
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近日，人們?cè)谘芯堪瑐?索金的電影《喬布斯》的過程中，找到了一段塵封28年的老視頻。 這段老視頻是從兩個(gè)老式錄影帶拷貝過來的，除了錄影帶的擁有者，沒人知道它們的存在。這段視頻基本不具有任何紀(jì)錄片的制作效果。它太長(zhǎng)了（2.5小時(shí)），制作太粗糙，而且整體色調(diào)太陰暗。但研究計(jì)算機(jī)歷史的人卻深知它的價(jià)值：它是在同時(shí)期的媒體報(bào)道之外，唯一一段記錄了1988年NeXT電腦首發(fā)慶典盛況的視頻影像。 此前，PBS電視臺(tái)攝制的紀(jì)錄片——《企業(yè)家們》（The Entrepreneurs）——是喬布斯在NeXT公司那幾年的唯一視頻記錄，其中有一段喬布斯參加一次異地會(huì)議的鏡頭，是喬布斯被排擠出蘋果公司（Apple）不久之后的一次會(huì)議上拍攝的。 我把這兩段視頻翻來覆去地看了好幾遍，最讓我震驚的是，即便在當(dāng)時(shí)看來，NeXT電腦也是很明顯注定要失敗的。 在1985年的那次異地會(huì)議中，總是很有鏡頭感的喬布斯正站在一塊白板前，試圖為他的新公司設(shè)定優(yōu)先要?jiǎng)?wù)：我們是要生產(chǎn)一款技術(shù)卓越的機(jī)器，還是要滿足3000美元的價(jià)格點(diǎn)，還是要趕在1987年以前推出新產(chǎn)品？ 以上三個(gè)目標(biāo)，NeXT如果能滿足其中的兩個(gè)，就會(huì)大獲成功。但是直到1989年，NeXT電腦才有限地發(fā)布了新品，而且起價(jià)高達(dá)6500美元——還不包含一個(gè)價(jià)值2000美元的打印機(jī)，和一個(gè)2000美元的外接硬盤。 《財(cái)富》雜志前編輯布蘭特?施蘭德也參加了那晚在舊金山戴維斯音樂廳舉辦的正式發(fā)布會(huì)。在他撰寫的文章中，他稱NeXT電腦是“奪目”的，而且“相對(duì)來說不算貴”。近30年后，他在與里克?特策利合著的《成為喬布斯》（Becoming Steve Jobs）一書中回憶了那段歷史，其中關(guān)于NeXT的章節(jié)，可以說最好地解釋了喬布斯犯了什么錯(cuò)，以及他從這段錯(cuò)誤中學(xué)到了什么。 施蘭德寫道：“事實(shí)上，我們所有人都忽略了一點(diǎn)：這臺(tái)機(jī)器在市場(chǎng)上幾乎沒有任何機(jī)會(huì)能獲得成功。NeXT電腦的設(shè)計(jì)初衷根本站不住腳，那些異地會(huì)議上設(shè)立的目標(biāo)也完全失敗了……” “游戲已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，但我們幾乎沒有人意識(shí)到。” 在喬布斯放棄NeXT電腦、專注于將NeXT的創(chuàng)新軟件出售之前，NeXT電腦只生產(chǎn)了大約５萬臺(tái)左右。 NeXT發(fā)布后，根據(jù)喬布斯最初的設(shè)想，NeXT主要是通過大學(xué)合作項(xiàng)目在高校中銷售。因?yàn)镹eXT定價(jià)過高，普通高校又往往拿不出足夠的資金。喬布斯就常常通過大幅度的折扣，甚至是贈(zèng)與的方式，將NeXT電腦送進(jìn)校園。 后來，免費(fèi)贈(zèng)送的例子越來越多，以至于NeXT自己的銷售人員都經(jīng)常開這樣的玩笑： “提問：我們常說的助高校一臂之力，究竟是什么意思？” “回答：就是高校一伸出手臂，我們就免費(fèi)捐贈(zèng)。” 教育市場(chǎng)銷售乏力，喬布斯不得不改換思路。1989年3月，NeXT與商業(yè)地帶（Businessland）簽署協(xié)議，由商業(yè)地帶的連鎖零售店代銷NeXT電腦。這個(gè)策略也不成功，連鎖店在一年內(nèi)只能賣出幾百臺(tái)電腦。 同時(shí)，NeXT電腦的質(zhì)量也是個(gè)問題。喬布斯口中“領(lǐng)先5年”的未來科技在真正的用戶手里成了笑話。幾乎所有用戶都抱怨NeXT性能不如Sun的工作站，抱怨NeXT早期產(chǎn)品沒有彩色輸出，磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器的配置太低等。喬布斯和他的NeXT團(tuán)隊(duì)不斷改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品，卻總也無法達(dá)到“領(lǐng)先5年”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 但是，這臺(tái)電腦確實(shí)對(duì)后世產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響，尤其是英國(guó)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家、“萬維網(wǎng)之父”蒂姆?伯納斯?李就是用這樣一臺(tái)電腦設(shè)計(jì)出了萬維網(wǎng)。 另外，熱門游戲《毀滅戰(zhàn)士》（Doom）、《毀滅戰(zhàn)士II》（Doom II）和《雷神之錘》（Quake）最早也是在NeXT電腦上設(shè)計(jì)出來的。NeXT的一些代碼可能一直延續(xù)到了今天。1996年，喬布斯將NeXT操作系統(tǒng)賣給了蘋果公司，同時(shí)這筆交易也使他重返蘋果。NeXT的面向?qū)ο笮偷能浖夹g(shù)也成為了蘋果后來的OS X平臺(tái)的基礎(chǔ)。 這段塵封達(dá)28年之久的視頻，之所以能夠得到修復(fù)并公開，得益于塔夫茨大學(xué)（Tufts University）的新生湯姆?弗里克。他通過電子郵件向《財(cái)富》雜志描述了自己的修復(fù)過程： “這次活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)照明不是很理想，所有亮光和陰影部分都看不清楚。而且整段視頻的時(shí)間碼是疊加的。最糟糕的是，這兩張錄像帶是用錄過快艇影像的舊錄像帶重拍的，有一部分缺失了，還有一些部分是重復(fù)的。在時(shí)間碼的幫助下，我刪除了無用和重復(fù)的部分，然后將兩張錄像帶的內(nèi)容拼接在一起，并且對(duì)色彩進(jìn)行了修正，降低了過分渲染的效果。” “在視頻中，喬布斯還向觀眾展示了一段名叫‘制造機(jī)器的機(jī)器’的視頻，這是一段關(guān)于NeXT的革命性工廠的紀(jì)錄短片。這段視頻本來也從錄像帶中缺失了，但是我找到了一個(gè)版本，并且把它拼接進(jìn)來。最后我給整段音頻降了噪，把VHS錄像帶中常有的噪音減小了。”（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)） 譯者：樸成奎 |
Until the video below was discovered by researchers working on Aaron Sorkin’s Steve Jobs, the only known recording of Jobs from his NeXT years was a PBS documentary called The Entrepreneurs that included footage from a 1985 offsite meeting shot shortly after Jobs was pushed out of Apple. The new video—re-created out of a pair of VHS tapes only their owner knew existed—has none of the documentary’s production values. It’s too long (2.5 hours), too raw, and way too dark. But it will be treasured by computer historians for what it is: The only record, outside of contemporaneous journalists’ reports, of the gala unveiling of the NeXT computer in 1988. What struck me, watching the two videos back to back, is how clear it should have been that the machine was doomed. In the 1985 offsite, Jobs—always aware of the camera—is seen at a whiteboard trying to set the new company’s priorities: Was it more important to create a machine with great technology, meet a $3,000 price point, or have it ready by 1987? Had NeXT met even two of those goals, it might have been a hit. But it wasn’t ready for limited release until 1989 and it started at $6,500—not including a $2,000 printer and a $2,000 external hard drive. Former Fortune editor Brent Schlender, who attended the black-tie gala at San Francisco’s Davies Symphony Hall, called the NeXT “dazzling” and “relatively inexpensive” in a front-page article in theWall Street Journal. He revisited the experience nearly three decades later in Becoming Steve Jobs(2015), co-written by Rick Tetzeli, whose chapter on NeXT is the best account in print of what Jobs did wrong and what he learned from his mistakes. “The truth that all of us missed was that this was a machine that had virtually no chance to succeed in the market,” Schlender writes. “The principles on which NeXT had been based were in tatters, the goals of those long-gone offsite meeting trashed… “The game was already over, but few of us knew it.” Only some 50,000 NeXT computers were built before Jobs abandoned his beloved magnesium cube and concentrated on selling NeXT’s innovative software. But the computer did manage to make a dent in the universe, most famously when Tim Berners-Lee used one to design the World Wide Web. The games Doom, Doom II, and Quake were also designed on NeXT machines. Some of its code probably still lives on today. Jobs sold NeXT’s operating system to Apple in the 1996 deal that brought him back to the company, and NeXT’s object-oriented software technology became the foundation on which OS X was built. Tom Frikker, the Tufts University freshman who restored the 28-year-old video for public release, described the process in an e-mail to Fortune: “The stage lighting at the event was not optimal; all of the highlights and shadows were blown out. A timecode had been superimposed over the whole video. Worst of all, the tapes had been recorded over a speedboat video, with some parts missing and others repeated. After deleting the ‘garbage’ and removing duplicate sections with help from the timecode, I spliced the two tapes together and worked on color correction, lessing the over-saturated effect present in the stage scenes.” “Part way through the presentation, Steve showed the audience a video called ‘The Machine to build the Machines’, a short documentary on NeXT’s revolutionary factory. This video was missing from the tape, but I was able to locate a version and splice it in. Finally, all of the audio was cleaned, with most of the ever-present VHS hum reduced.” |
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