如今開車的成本變得越來越高，車主每年花在汽車保養、加油、保險和停泊上的金額高達數千美元。

交通數據分析公司Inrix 的新研究顯示，2017年在美國養一輛車的平均成本為10,288美元，比英國和德國的平均水平分別高出55%和14%。而在美國的某些城市，養車的代價甚至還要更高。

Inrix計算了在美國、英國和德國的30個主要城市養車的直接成本，例如保養、加油、保險、停泊和通行費等。他們還研究了買車帶來的間接成本，包括浪費的時間、碳排放、停車罰款、多付停車費等。

成本榮登榜首的是紐約，這是對紐約人來說可不是好事。

研究發現，紐約的車主在2017年的平均養車費用是18,926美元，其中停車費在其中占了很大一部分。這個數字幾乎達到了美國2017年平均養車費10,288美元的兩倍。

平均來看，紐約居民停車次數和付費金額都比其他城市的居民更高。在紐約，車主每周要付10次停車費。而非主要街道的平均停車費28美元/兩小時也在美國居于首位。

在討論榜單之前，值得關注的是Inrix確定直接和間接成本的方式。直接成本是將美國聯邦公路管理局（U.S. Federal Highway Administration）提供的每年里程數，乘以美國國稅局（IRS）發布的商用汽車每英里扣費額得出的。2017年，美國國稅局規定的每英里扣費是53.7美分，這反映的是開車的平均花銷，包括購買、出租、貸款、折舊、保養、保險、加油、停泊、通行和稅費。

間接成本則包含堵車和所謂停車的煩惱帶來的成本。Inrix計算了堵車和尋找車位消耗的時間、燃料和碳排放量的價值，以及多付的停車費（例如只需要停30分鐘卻必須交2小時停車費）和停車罰款的費用。

在美國養車最貴的十大城市中，車主需要付出相同的直接成本，都為7,237美元。Inrix在此基礎上增加了停車費與堵車和難以停車導致的間接成本，以此計算養車的總成本。后面這三個因素在不同的城市差別很大。

1. 紐約

? 養車基礎成本：7,237美元

? 停車費：5,395美元

? 堵車：2,960美元

? 難以停車：3,334美元

紐約養車總成本：18,926美元

2. 洛杉磯

? 養車基礎成本：7,237美元

? 停車費：2,405美元

? 堵車：2,808美元

? 難以停車：2,383美元

洛杉磯養車總成本：14,834美元

3. 舊金山

? 養車基礎成本：7,237美元

? 停車費：2,801美元

? 堵車：2,226美元

? 難以停車：2,361美元

舊金山養車總成本：14,625美元

4. 華盛頓

? 養車基礎成本：7,237美元

? 停車費：2,170美元

? 堵車：2,045美元

? 難以停車：1,846美元

華盛頓養車總成本：13,297美元

5. 芝加哥

? 養車基礎成本：7,237美元

? 停車費：2,096美元

? 堵車：1,982美元

? 難以停車：1,576美元

芝加哥養車總成本：12,890美元

6. 波士頓

? 養車基礎成本：7,237美元

? 停車費：2,045美元

? 堵車：2,075美元

? 難以停車：1,497美元

波士頓養車總成本：12,853美元

7. 西雅圖

? 養車基礎成本：7,237美元

? 停車費：1,274美元

? 堵車：1,834美元

? 難以停車：1,504美元

西雅圖養車總成本：11,848美元

8. 亞特蘭大

? 養車基礎成本：7,237美元

? 停車費：872美元

? 堵車：2,205美元

? 難以停車：1,264美元

亞特蘭大養車總成本：11,578美元

9. 達拉斯

? 養車基礎成本：7,237美元

? 停車費：723美元

? 堵車：1,671美元

? 難以停車：1,210美元

達拉斯養車總成本：10,841美元

10. 底特律

? 養車基礎成本：7,237美元

? 停車費：815美元

? 堵車：1,251美元

? 難以停車：900美元

底特律養車總成本：10,203美元（財富中文網）

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Driving a car is more expensive than ever with owners shelling out thousands of dollars annually to maintain, fuel, insure, and park their vehicles.

The average cost of owning a car in the U.S. was $10,288 in 2017, 55% more than for the average U.K. driver and 14% more than the average German driver, according to a new study by Inrix, a company that analyzes traffic data. And in some U.S. cities the cost of ownership is even higher.

Inrix calculated the direct costs of car ownership such as maintenance, fuel, insurance, parking and toll fees in 30 major cities in the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany. It also looked at the indirect costs that come with car ownership, including wasted time, carbon emissions, parking fines, and overpaying for parking.

The winner—or loser, if you’re a car owner—is New York City.

Car owners in New York City spent an average of $18,926 in 2017, mostly due to parking costs, the study found. That figure is nearly two times the U.S. national average of $10,288 in 2017.

On average, New Yorkers parked more and paid more than car owners in other cities. In New York, car owners paid to park 10 times a week. They also paid the most for parking with the average off-street rate of $28 for two hours.

Before getting into the list, it’s worth digging into exactly how Inrix determined direct and indirect costs. Direct costs were calculated by multiplying the annual mileage traveled—a figure supplied by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration—by the IRS-stated per-mile write-off rates that can be claimed when using a vehicle for business purposes. The IRS-stated per-mile rate is 53.7 cents in 2017, reflecting the average cost of running a car. These costs include buying or leasing a vehicle as well as the financing, depreciation, maintenance, insurance, fuel, parking and toll fees, and taxes.

The indirect metric includes the cost of congestion and so-called parking pain. Inrix calculated the time, fuel, and value of carbon emissions from sitting in congestion and searching for parking as well as overpaying for parking (e.g. paying for two hours when only 30 minutes is needed) and parking fines.

The top 10 most expensive U.S. cities to own a car all start with the same direct “car ownership” cost of $7,237. From here, Inrix adds in parking costs as well as the indirect costs of congestion and “parking pain,” three factors that vary depending on the city, to calculate the total cost of driving.

1. New York

? Car ownership baseline: $7,237

? Parking: $5,395

? Congestion: $2,960

? Parking pain: $3,334

Total cost of driving in New York: $18,926

2. Los Angeles

? Car ownership baseline: $7,237

? Parking: $2,405

? Congestion: $2,808

? Parking pain: $2,383

Total cost of driving in Los Angeles: $14,834

3. San Francisco

? Car ownership baseline: $7,237

? Parking: $2,801

? Congestion: $2,226

? Parking pain: $2,361

Total cost of driving in San Francisco: $14,625

4. Washington D.C.

? Car ownership baseline: $7,237

? Parking: $2,170

? Congestion: $2,045

? Parking pain: $1,846

Total cost of driving in DC: $13,297

5. Chicago

? Car ownership baseline: $7,237

? Parking: $2,096

? Congestion: $1,982

? Parking pain: $1,576

Total cost of driving in Chicago: $12.890

6. Boston

? Car ownership baseline: $7,237

? Parking: $2,045

? Congestion: $2,075

? Parking pain: $1,497

Total cost of driving in Boston: $12,853

7. Seattle

? Car ownership baseline: $7,237

? Parking: $1,274

? Congestion: $1,834

? Parking pain: $1,504

Total cost of driving in Seattle: $11,848

8. Atlanta

? Car ownership baseline: $7,237

? Parking: $872

? Congestion: $2,205

? Parking pain: $1,264

Total cost of driving in Atlanta: $11,578

9. Dallas

? Car ownership baseline: $7,237

? Parking: $723

? Congestion: $1,671

? Parking pain: $1,210

Total cost of driving in Dallas: $10,841

10. Detroit

? Car ownership baseline: $7,237

? Parking: $815

? Congestion: $1,251

? Parking pain: $900

Total cost of driving in Detroit: $10,203