????根據尤因?馬里恩?考夫曼基金會（Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation）的一項研究，只有11%的初創企業是由“用戶型企業家”創立的，但在創立五年或者更長時間的成功企業中，這類創始人的比例幾乎達到了50%。

????這個現象說明：以解決問題為出發點的創業者通常要比那些單純以賺錢為出發點的人更有優勢。該研究將用戶型企業家定義為“為了滿足自己所需研發創新產品或服務、隨后創立企業對這些產品和服務進行商業化操作的人”。

????考夫曼基金會政策研究員、報告撰稿人之一的里迪稱：“用戶型企業家和其他企業家不同。很明顯，這些企業家在進入業務領域時擁有更明確的理念、創新方法和客戶群來打造一家成功的企業。”

????這份報告還援引醫療設備制造商美敦力公司（Medtronic）作為例證。美敦力公司創始人心臟外科醫師沃爾頓?來里赫和他的發明家好友厄爾?貝根就是用戶型企業家。上世紀五十年代，一位病人因斷電而喪失生命，為此，他們發明了第一臺安裝電池的心臟起搏器。美敦力現在已成為全球最大的醫療設備制造商，也是財富五百強公司之一，市場價值高達400億美元。

????里迪說：“很明顯，這些企業家進入各自的業務領域時擁有更切實的理念、創新以及客戶群來打造一家成功的企業。”他補充說，這項調查都是“第一手”分析材料。

????譯者：李玫曉/汪皓

????Only about 11% of startups are launched by "user entrepreneurs," but such founders represent nearly half of startups that last five years or more, according to a study by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.

????The lesson: an entrepreneur who sets out to solve a problem often has an advantage over an entrepreneur who sets out simply to make money. The study defines user entrepreneurs as "those who have created innovative products or services for their own use, then subsequently founded firms to commercialize them."

????"User entrepreneurs are different from other entrepreneurs," said E.J. Reedy, Kauffman Foundation research and policy fellow and co-author of the report, in a statement. "It is clear that these entrepreneurs are coming into their businesses with more tangible ideas, innovations or customers to build a successful firm."

????The report cites the medical-device maker Medtronic (MDT) as an example of a company started by user entrepreneurs -- in this case, the heart surgeon C. Walton Lilliehei and his inventor pal Earl Bakken. When a patient died after a power outage in the '50s, they invented the first battery-powered pacemaker. Medtronic today is the world's largest medical-device maker, a Fortune 500 company with a market cap of $40 billion.

????"It is clear that these entrepreneurs are coming into their businesses with more tangible ideas, innovations or customers to build a successful firm," said Reedy, who added that the study represents a "first pass" at analysis.